算法治理

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算法治理(英语:Algorithmic Governance),是种治理模式,将算法大量应用于法律规范、执法及日常公共服务,如交通或土地登记。[1][2][3][4][5]
算法管制(英语:Algorithmic Regulation),则指透过算法制定标准、监控和改变行为,包含司法自动化等技术。 [6]
在区块链社群脉络下,算法治理(Algorithmic Governance)意同区块链治理(英语:Blockchain Governance)。 [7]
算法治理关注电子化政府文献和实践中未曾涉及的新挑战。 [8] Nello Cristianini和Teresa Scantamburlo主张人类社会与监管算法结合形成了一台社会机器(a social machine)。 [9]
历史
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1962年,莫斯科俄罗斯科学院信息传递问题研究所(即哈尔克维奇研究所)所长亚历山大·哈尔克维奇在《共产主义者》上发表文章,探讨利用电脑网络处理信息及控制经济。[10][11][12] 哈尔克维奇构想建立类似现代互联网一样的网络,以满足算法治理的需要,即“苏联全国信息网络项目”(OGAS)。该项目引起了美国中央情报局的严重担忧。[13] 其中,小亚瑟·史列辛格警告:“1970年前,苏联可能拥有一项全新的生产技术,涉及整个企业或工业复合体,由能够自我学习的电脑进行闭环反馈的控制与管理”。[13]
1971年至1973年间,阿叶德总统任内,智利政府进行网络协同项目,以建构分布式决策支持系统,改善国民经济管理。[14][15] 1972年,中央情报局支持四万名卡车司机罢工,网络协同项目的一些成果应用在解决罢工引起的交通壅塞。[16]
1960至1970年代,司马贺提倡专家系统作为合理化和评估行政行为的工具。[17] 美国税务机关长期追求基于规则的流程自动化,亦获取了广泛的成效。[18] 1960、70年代的代表性项目,还有美国麦卡蒂(Thorne McCarty)的TAXMAN项目,以及英国Ronald Stamper 的LEGOL项目。两者深刻影响司法自动化 。1993年,格拉斯哥大学计算机科学家保罗·科克肖特和威克森林大学经济学家Allin Cottrell共同出版《走向新社会主义》,倡导基于现代电脑科技建立民主计划经济的可能性。[19] 1998年,澳洲大法官Michael Kirby发表论文,乐观看待当时的电脑科技,如法律专家系统,能发展为一套体系,强烈地改变司法实践。 [20] 2006年,律师劳伦斯·雷席格喊出口号“代码即法律”(英语:Code is Law),认为网络空间──这双看不见的手正在打造新的高效监管架构。 [21]
2000年以来,人类开始使用算法自动分析及监控影片。[22]
2006年,A. Aneesh的《虚拟移动》(Virtual Migration)中提出了“算法专制”(英语:Algocracy),即信息技术限制了人类参与公共决策。[23][24] Aneesh 区分算法系统,其不同于官僚系统(法律-理性管制)与市场系统(基于价格的管制)。 [25]
2013年,欧莱礼创办人提姆·欧莱礼提出了“算法管制”(Algorithmic Regulation)。[26]
2017年,乌克兰司法部使用区块链技术进行了政府拍卖实验,以确保交易透明度,并阻止贪腐。 [27] 2017年9月6日至7日在伦敦举行的政策数据会议,“算法之治?”(Government by Algorithm?)成为会中的核心主题。 [28]
议题
[编辑]智慧城市
[编辑]智慧城市,以信息技术为基础,透过收集、监视的数据及运算能力,改善都市管理。
声誉系统
[编辑]声誉系统,是透过实体相互给出的评价,来确定实体的等级或类别的合作性筛选算法。2013年,欧莱礼创办人提姆·欧莱礼认为“算法管制”(Algorithmic Regulation)中由算法与数据打造的声誉系统优于传统的管制(Regulation)。[26]
智能合约
[编辑]加密社群视智能合约、加密货币与去中心化管理为传统治理的替代方案。[29][30][31]
算法与司法:算法正义
[编辑]在澳大利亚,法官为确定离婚后的财产分割,会使用专家系统“分割”(Split Up)来支持其判决。[32] 在美国法庭上,COMPAS应用于评估罪犯的再犯风险。[33][34] 2019年,北京互联网法院表示,中国是世界上首个设立互联网法院的国家。[35][36][37] 中国的人工智能法官,以真实女法官的虚拟形象,处理法院的常规琐事。[35] 2020年,爱沙尼亚计划利用人工智能裁决索赔金额低于7千欧元的小额民事案件。 [38]
法律机器人(英语:Lawbot)可以执行原由律师助理完成的任务。ROSS Intelligence是美国律师事务所常用于法律研究的科技,而其他法律机器人的推理能力与所赖的算法各不相同。[39]另一合法科技聊天机器人是DoNotPay。
人工智能政治家
[编辑]2018年,松田道人作为AI的人类替身,出选东京多摩市市长。[40] 虽然竞选文宣中使用女性机器人的图片,但“AI市长”实际上是使用多摩市数据集训练的机器学习算法。[41] 松田的“AI市长”获得软银高层松本彻三和谷歌高管村上宪郎的支持。[42] 最终,松田道人在选举中名列第三,败于阿部裕行。 [43]
2018 年,凯萨·伊达尔戈提出了扩增民主(英语:augumented democracy)。 [44]在扩增民主中,由每个人的数位分身取代人类民意代表参与立法。
2022年,获智械党提名的聊天机器人“Leder Lars”参加2022年丹麦议会选举,[45]
2024年英国大选中,商人Steve Endacott作为人工智能“AI Steve”的人类替身,出选布莱顿穹顶宫选区议员[46],惜垫底惨败。 [47]
参考资料
[编辑]文献
[编辑]- Lessig, Lawrence. Code: Version 2.0. New York: Basic Books. 2006. ISBN 978-0-465-03914-2. OCLC 133467669. Wikipedia article: Code: Version 2.0.
- Oliva, Jennifer. Prescription-Drug Policing: The Right To Health Information Privacy Pre- and Post-Carpenter. Duke Law Journal. 2020-01-08, 69 (4): 775–853. ISSN 0012-7086.
- Szalavitz, Maia. The Pain Algorithm. WIRED. October 2021: 36–47. ISSN 1059-1028.
- Yeung, Karen; Lodge, Martin. Algorithmic Regulation. Oxford University Press. 2019. ISBN 9780198838494.
脚注
[编辑]- ^ Yeung, Karen. Algorithmic regulation: A critical interrogation. Regulation & Governance. December 2018, 12 (4): 505–523. S2CID 157086008. doi:10.1111/rego.12158
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- ^ Katzenbach, Christian; Ulbricht, Lena. Algorithmic governance. Internet Policy Review. 2019-11-29, 8 (4) [2020-03-19]. ISSN 2197-6775. doi:10.14763/2019.4.1424. hdl:10419/210652.
- ^ Abril, Rubén Rodríguez. DERECOM. Derecho de la Comunicación. - An approach to the algorithmic legal order and to its civil, trade and financial projection. www.derecom.com. [2020-05-20] (欧洲西班牙语).
- ^ Rule by Algorithm? Big Data and the Threat of Algocracy. ieet.org. [2020-05-20].
- ^ Werbach, Kevin, The Siren Song: Algorithmic Governance By Blockchain, Social Science Research Network, 2018-09-24, SSRN 3578610
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参见
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]- Government by Algorithm? by Data for Policy 2017 Conference
- Government by Algorithm 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2022-08-15. by Stanford University
- A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency by European Parliament
- Algorithmic Government by Zeynep Engin and Philip Treleaven, University College London
- Algorithmic Government by Prof. Philip C. Treleaven of University College London
- Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government by Hila Mehr of Harvard University
- The OASI Register, algorithms with social impact
- iHuman (Documentary, 2019) by Tonje Hessen Schei
- Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy?
- New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector, An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis
- A bold idea to replace politicians by César Hidalgo