伪螯虾属
伪螯虾属![]() 化石时期:
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侏罗博物馆展出的P. pustulosus化石 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
亚门: | 甲壳亚门 Crustacea |
纲: | 软甲纲 Malacostraca |
目: | 十足目 Decapoda |
亚目: | 腹胚亚目 Pleocyemata |
科: | †狭螯虾科 Stenochiridae |
属: | †伪螯虾属 Pseudastacus 奥佩尔, 1861 |
模式种 | |
†Bolina pustulosa 明斯特, 1839
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物种 | |
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异名 | |
Pseudastacus的同物异名
P. pustulosus的同物异名
P. mucronatus的同物异名
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伪螯虾属(学名:Pseudastacus,意为“假的螯虾属”,用以区别现存的淡水螯虾)是一类已灭绝的十足目甲壳动物,生存于侏罗纪时期的欧洲,可能延续至白垩纪的黎巴嫩。虽然许多物种曾被归入此属,但部分物种的分类地位仍不确定,有些已被重新划归其他属。该属化石最早由格奥尔格·祖·明斯特于1839年以“Bolina pustulosa”之名描述,1861年阿尔伯特·奥佩尔发现属名已被占用后更名。历史上本属曾被归入海螯虾科或原螯虾科,现今认为属于狭螯虾科。
伪螯虾体型细小,最大个体总长仅6 cm(2.4英寸)。其外形似现代螯虾,具长触角、三角形额剑,且第一对步足特化为细长螯肢。头胸甲长度与腹部相当,表面通常布满小瘤突或凹坑,并带有深沟纹。P. pustulosus存在性二型现象,雌性螯肢较雄性更修长。P. lemovices化石中曾发现多个个体共存,可能反映群居行为或集群死亡事件。本属最早出现于早侏罗世的锡内穆阶,可能延续至晚白垩世的森诺曼阶,具有长时空分布范围。模式种化石最初发现于德国的索尔恩霍芬石灰岩,后在法国、英格兰及黎巴嫩亦有记录,所有物种均栖息于海洋环境。
发现与命名
[编辑]伪螯虾属的化石在正式命名前,曾以其他无效学名被记载。1839年,德国古生物学家格奥尔格·祖·明斯特建立Bolina属,包含模式种B. pustulosa与B. angusta,两者标本皆采集自索尔恩霍芬石灰岩。属名源自希腊神话中投海自尽的宁芙波林娜。[1]隔年,明斯特将索尔恩霍芬石灰岩中某些化石误判为等足目,建立Alvis属并命名单型种A. octopus,属名取自北欧神话的矮人阿尔维斯。[2]
1861年,德国古生物学家阿尔伯特·奥佩尔将B. pustulosa与B. angusta分别归入新建的Pseudastacus属和狭螯虾属,更名为Pseudastacus pustulosus与Stenochirus angustus,两者各自成为所属属的模式种。[3]由于Bolina一名已被用于腹足纲与栉水母,明斯特命名的甲壳动物必须更名。[4]属名Pseudastacus由古希腊语“ψεύδος”(伪)与现存螯虾属名“Astacus”组合,反映其相似形态。[3]奥佩尔确认当时已知的10件标本属于P. pustulosus,其中1件来自柏林自然博物馆的Redenbacher收藏,其余9件藏于慕尼黑古生物博物馆。他同时指出明斯特描述的Alvis octopus实为P. pustulosus,遂将两者合并。此外,他将慕尼黑博物馆编号BSPG AS I 672的标本定为本属新种P. muensteri。[5]
2006年,亚历山德罗·加拉西诺与冈特·施维格特重新检视索尔恩霍芬的十足目化石,发现奥佩尔收藏的4件P. pustulosus标本仍保存完好,并确认P. muensteri实为P. pustulosus的雌性个体(故为次异名)。[6]
物种
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多个物种曾被归入伪螯虾属,但部分物种的分类地位尚存疑。此外,某些物种因与模式种亲缘关系较远,已被移出本属。西尔万·夏邦尼耶与德尼·奥多2020年的修订研究保留以下5个物种:[7]
- P. mucronatus最初由英国地质学家约翰·菲利普斯于1835年命名为Astacus mucronatus。模式标本采自英格兰约克郡的斯佩顿黏土组,为一螯肢碎片,内缘具大小交替的瘤突。[7][8]其螯肢形态与其他伪螯虾物种差异显著,可能应归入Hoploparia dentata。[9]
- P. minor由德国古生物学家奥斯卡·弗拉斯于1878年描述,标本发现于黎巴嫩哈凯尔的森诺曼阶地层。[10]该标本已遗失,仅存原始插图显示其额剑极长、多一节腹节、螯肢位置偏后等独特特征,归属本属存疑。[7]
重新归属物种
[编辑]以下物种曾归入伪螯虾属,后被移出:
- P. hakelensis最初于1878年命名为Homarus hakelensis,生存于黎巴嫩的森诺曼阶,2017年移入Notahomarus属。[12]
- P. dubertreti基于1946年描述的黎巴嫩化石(现藏法国国家自然历史博物馆),生存于森诺曼阶,2006年研究确认其为Carpopenaeus callirostris的异名。[6]
- P. llopisi于1971年命名,标本采自西班牙拉斯奥亚斯的早白垩世地层,1997年改归Austropotamobius属。[13]
形态特征
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伪螯虾属体型细小,P. pustulosus标本总长4—6 cm(1.6—2.4英寸)。[6] P. lemovices的头胸甲(不含额剑)长11 mm(0.43英寸),高6.5 mm(0.26英寸)。[7]
本属物种头胸甲表面多不平整,如P. pustulosus具瘤突,而P. lemovices则均匀分布凹坑。部分标本头胸甲较光滑,可能因磨蚀作用所致。甲壳带有沟纹,包括横贯顶部的深弧形颈沟,两侧与同样深刻的胃眼沟、触角沟及肝沟相连。颈沟后方两侧各有一较浅的后颈沟。额剑呈三角形细长状,侧缘具三棘突。[7][6]头部与头胸甲以拱形凹陷分隔。头部延伸出一对长触角与两对较短小触角,外侧小触角略细且尖。[2]一对复眼藉短眼柄连接头部。[6]

胸部具五对步足,前三对末端呈钳状,最前一对特别延长且粗大。P. pustulosus的螯肢带瘤突,而P. lemovices则光滑无饰。步足尺寸向后递减,最前一对最大。腹部长度与头胸甲相当,第一腹节最小。尾肢等长,中线具脊,P. lemovices的尾肢边缘保存有长刚毛。[7]
分类研究
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伪螯虾属的分类历经多次变动。早期学者如维克多·范斯特拉伦(1925年)将其归入海螯虾科,[11]后续研究者如Beurlen(1928)、Glaessner(1929)及Chong & Förster(1976)沿用此观点。[14][15][16]1983年,亨宁·阿尔布雷希特建立原螯虾科并纳入本属,而Tshudy & Babcock(1997)则将其归入新建的智利螯虾科。[17][18]加拉西诺与施维格特(2006年)仍依阿尔布雷希特观点将本属置于原螯虾科,但2000年代其他学者多根据Tshudy & Babcock研究归入智利螯虾科。[6][19][20]
2013年,Karasawa等学者发现伪螯虾属与狭螯虾属构成姊妹群,导致智利螯虾科成为并系群,遂将其并入狭螯虾科。以下支序图展示该研究中的分类关系:[21]
狭螯虾科 |
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古生物学
[编辑]性二型
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阿尔伯特·奥佩尔发现索尔恩霍芬石灰岩的伪螯虾化石可分两型:一类与P. pustulosus模式标本相似,另一类体型较小且螯肢更细长。1862年,奥佩尔将后者定为新种P. muensteri。[5]百余年后,加拉西诺与施维格特(2006年)确认P. muensteri标本除螯肢形态外与P. pustulosus无异,并指出现存新雕石螯虾及化石雕石螯虾总科中雌性螯肢普遍较雄性修长,遂将P. muensteri视为P. pustulosus的次异名,代表该物种的雌性个体。[6]
社会行为
[编辑]P. lemovices的模式系列标本为五个个体共存于单一石灰岩板,可能反映群居行为,该群体或因缺氧事件或温度骤变导致集群死亡。[7]此行为亦见于其他化石及现存龙虾物种。[22][23]
古环境
[编辑]早侏罗世
[编辑]伪螯虾属可能起源于早侏罗世,目前最古老物种P. lemovices的5件标本共存于法国绍富尔叙韦尔采集的石灰岩板。该地层为锡内穆阶(约1.995至1.929亿年前)的海洋沉积,区域地层因存在绿藻Palaeodasycladus mediterraneus可进一步定位至锡内穆阶晚期。[7]
晚侏罗世
[编辑]模式种P. pustulosus标本数量最多,均采自德国巴伐利亚索尔恩霍芬石灰岩,年代属晚侏罗世提通阶(1.492至1.45亿年前)。当时欧洲大陆部分被海水淹没,在特提斯洋边缘形成干燥的热带群岛环境,该石灰岩沉积于被礁体隔离的潟湖中。[24]该地化石组合进一步证实沿海环境,包括与P. pustulosus共存的众多海洋生物:头足纲(如菊石、箭石)、[25] 海百合(如囊羽星)、[26] 其他甲壳类(含鞘虾类、蝼蛄虾类、雕石螯虾类、虾蛄及近缘属狭螯虾属)、[6] 鱼类(如硬齿鱼、厚茎鱼、针吻鱼与猫鱼),[27] 以及海爬行动物(如龟、鱼龙与地蜥鳄)。[28][29][30] 陆生动物化石较少,代表栖息周边岛屿的物种,包括恐龙(如始祖鸟、美颌龙)、[31] 蜥蜴(如Ardeosaurus、巴伐利亚蜥与Schoenesmahl)、[32] 以及翼龙(如喙嘴翼龙、曙光翼龙、翼手龙等)。[33][34]
白垩纪
[编辑]P. mucronatus与P. minor可能为伪螯虾属延续至白垩纪的物种,但两者生存时代与地域不同。P. mucronatus标本采自英格兰斯佩顿黏土组,地质年代横跨早白垩世贝里亚阶至阿普第阶(1.45至1.13亿年前)。[35]该组沉积初期海平面较低,后经历多次海侵与海退,根据有孔虫组合推测,其环境类似现今普利茅斯湾。[36]当地化石以箭石最丰富,[37] 菊石、甲壳类及鲨鱼(如白垩绞口鲨)、鳐类牙齿亦常见。[8][38][39]
P. minor标本采自黎巴嫩森诺曼阶(1.005至0.939亿年前)海相地层,若归属正确则为本属最晚存活物种。当时黎巴嫩位于新特提斯洋中的大型碳酸盐台地,靠近非洲-阿拉伯板块东北缘。[40]当地森诺曼阶植物化石(含裸子植物与落叶被子植物)反映类似现代地中海盆地的气候,并与同期克里米亚、北美及中欧植物群相似。[41]黎巴嫩化石点保存了大量鱼类、甲壳类甚至章鱼化石,[42][43][44] 另有陆生昆虫、翼龙及有鳞目化石出土。[40][45][46]
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