跳转到内容

User:WiiUf/最大質量黑洞列表

维基百科，自由的百科全书
事件视界望远镜拍摄的图像显示了位于室女A星系核心的超大质量黑洞，该黑洞就位于此列表中。

这是迄今为止发现的最大质量黑洞列表，以太阳质量（M☉）為单位（1太阳质量约为2×1030公斤）。

引言

[编辑]
星系OJ 287中的两个黑洞与太阳系的比较

超大质量黑洞（SMBH）是一种极大的黑洞，其质量约为数十万到数百亿个太阳质量，理论上存在于几乎所有大质量星系的中心，在某些星系中甚至存在超大质量黑洞的双星系统（参见OJ 287系统）。然而，只有少数星系存在超大质量黑洞的明确动力学证据； [1]这些星系包括银河系、本星系群中的仙女座星系和M32 ，以及本星系群以外的一些星系，例如NGC 4395 。在这些星系中，恒星或气体的均方速度（或均方根速度）在中心附近上升约1/r，表明存在中心点质量。在所有其他星系中，迄今为止观测到的均方根速度向中心方向持平甚至下降，因此无法确定超大质量黑洞是否存在于这些星系中。 [1]尽管如此，由于M-Sigma关系（英语：M-sigma relation）（在约10个已确认探测到的星系中，黑洞质量与这些星系核球中恒星的速度離散之间低散射的关系），人们普遍认为几乎每个星系的中心都包含一个超大质量黑洞。 [2] [3]尽管这种相关性仅基于少数几个星系，但对许多天文学家来说，它表明黑洞的形成与星系本身之间存在着紧密的联系。 [2]

尽管目前理论上超大质量黑洞存在于几乎所有大质量星系中，但更大质量的黑洞却很少见；迄今为止只发现不到几十个。确定特定超大质量黑洞的质量极其困难，因此它们仍处于开放研究领域。具有精确质量的超大质量黑洞仅限于拉尼亚凯亚超星系团内的星系和活动星系核。

此列表的另一个问题是用于确定质量的方法。宽发射线混响映射（BLRM）、多普勒测量、速度弥散以及M-sigma关系等方法尚未得到很好的建立。大多数时候，通过不同的方法得出的质量彼此相矛盾。

该列表包含質量已知的超大质量黑洞，至少精確到数量级。此列表中的一些物体被引用兩次，例如3C 273 ；一次来自 Bradley M. Peterson等人使 BLRM方法[4] ，另一次来自 Charles Nelson 使用[O III ]λ5007值和速度弥散[5] 。这个列表並不完整，因为仅斯隆数字巡天就探测到了约200000类星体，这些类星体很可能是質量達數數十亿倍太阳质量黑洞的所在地。此外，还有数百条有关黑洞测量的引文尚未列入此列表。尽管如此，大多数已知質量大於10亿太陽質量的黑洞都已显示出来。包含已知黑洞的梅西耶星系均包含在内。

新的发现表明，许多被称为“巨大”的黑洞可能超过1億或10億 M☉。 [6]

列表

[编辑]

由于涉及的数字非常大，列出的黑洞的质量值采用科学计数法（数字乘以10的幂）。不确定的数值尽可能写在括号中。请注意，此列表中的不同条目在获取其质量值时采用不同的方法和系统，因此对其质量的置信度也不同。这些方法在列表的注释中有说明。

最大質量黑洞列表
黑洞名稱 質量（太陽質量） 註釋
（理論上限） 2.7×1011 這是模型估計的黑洞質量上限, at least for luminous accreting SMBHs. At around 1010 M☉, effects of both intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slow down black hole growth. 由於宇宙年齡及可用物質的佔比，黑洞的質量幾乎無法超越此上限。

此上限是針對具有最高順行速度 (a = 1)的黑洞。[a]

凤凰座A 1×1011[11]
~1.26×1010[12]		 Estimated using a calorimetric model on the adiabatic behavior of core regrowth and an assumed core-Sérsic model of n=4. It is consistent with evolutionary modelling of gas accretion and the dynamics and density profiles of the galaxy.[11] Mass has not been measured directly.

Another recent estimate gives ~1.26×1010 M☉,[12] though this is still uncertain due to low resolution of X-ray/MIR data.

IC 1101 9.77 +17.14
−6.22 × 1010[13][14]		 Estimated from the break radius of the central core; previous estimations using properties of the host galaxy (Faber–Jackson relation) yield about (4-10)×1010 M☉[15]
4C +74.13 5.13+9.66
−3.35×1010[13][14]		 Produced a colossal AGN outburst after accreting 600 million M☉ worth of material.

Estimated using the break radius of 0.5 kpc core of the central galaxy.[13][14] Previous indirect assumptions about the efficiencies of gas accretion and jet power yield a lower limit of 1 billion M☉.[16][17][18]

（典型理論上限） 5×1010 This is the maximum mass of a black hole with typical properties that models predict, at least for luminous accreting SMBHs. At around 1010 M☉, effects of both intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slow down black hole growth. Given the age of the universe and the composition of available matter, there is simply not enough time to grow black holes larger than this mass.

The limit is only 5×1010 M☉ for black holes with typical properties, but can reach 2.7×1011 M☉ at maximal prograde spin (a = 1).[a]

TON 618 4.07×1010[19] Estimated from quasar C IV line correlation. An older estimate gives a mass of 6.6×1010M☉ based on the quasar Hβ emission line correlation.[20]
Holmberg 15A 4.0±0.8 × 1010[21] Mass specified obtained through orbit-based, axisymmetric Schwarzschild models. Earlier estimates range from ~310 billion M☉ down to 3 billion M☉, all relying on empirical scaling relations and are thus obtained from extrapolation and not from kinematical measurements.[22]
S5 0014+81 4×1010[23][24][25] A 2010 paper suggested that a funnel collimates the radiation around the jet axis, creating an optical illusion of very high brightness, and thus a possible overestimation of the black hole mass.[23]
SDSS J114833.14+193003.2 3.631+0.550
−0.625×1010[26]
NGC 3842 3.46+6.30
−2.24×1010[13][14] 		Brightest galaxy in the Leo Cluster; estimation using break radius. Previous estimates yield at least 9.7 billion M☉.[27][28]
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 3.4±0.6 × 1010[29] Estimated using near-infrared spectroscopic measurements of the MgII emission line doublet.
SDSS J102325.31+514251.0 3.31+0.67
−0.56×1010[30]		 Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Abell 1201 BCG 3.27±0.71 × 1010[31] Estimated using strong gravitational lensing from a distant galaxy 1.3 arcseconds separated from the nucleus of the BCG. Earlier estimates suggest a mass of 1.3×1010 M☉.[32] Beware of ambiguity between the BH mass determination and the galaxy cluster's dark matter profile.[33]
H1821+643 3×1010[34] Value obtained as an indirect estimate using a model of minimum Eddington luminosity required to account for the Compton cooling of the surrounding cluster.[34]
NGC 6166 2.84+0.27
−0.18×1010[35]		 Central galaxy of Abell 2199; notable for its hundred thousand light year long relativistic jet.
4C +37.11 2.8+0.8
−0.8×1010[36] 		Total mass of black hole binary system.
ESO 383-76 2.75+4.66
−1.73×1010[13][14]		 Estimated using break radius of the galaxy central core.
2MASS J13260399+7023462 2.7±0.4 × 1010[37] Estimated using the full-width half maxima of the CIV emission line and monochromatic luminosity at 1350 Å wavelength.
ESO 444-46 2.69×1010(5.01×108–7.76×1010)[13][14] Brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 3558 in the center of the Shapley Supercluster; estimated using break radius of the host galaxy.
APM 08279+5255 2.3×1010,[38]
1.0+0.17
−0.13×1010[39]		 Based on velocity width of CO line from orbiting molecular gas,[38] and reverberation mapping using SiIV and CIV emission lines.[39]
NGC 4889 2.1±1.6 × 1010[27][28] Best fit: the estimate ranges from 6 billion to 37 billion M☉.[27][28]
SDSS J074521.78+734336.1 1.95±0.05 × 1010[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
OJ 287 primary 1.835×1010[40] A smaller 100 million M☉ black hole orbits this one in a 12-year period (see below).
NGC 1600 1.7±0.15 × 1010[41][42] Unprecedentedly massive in relation of its location: an elliptical galaxy host in a sparse environment.
SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 5.0×109 – 1.58×1010[43]
SDSS J08019.69+373047.3 (1.51±0.31)×1010[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J115954.33+201921.1 (1.41±0.10)×1010[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075303.34+423130.8 (1.38±0.03)×1010[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080430.56+542041.1 (1.35±0.22)×1010[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.


SDSS J081855.77+095848.0 (1.20±0.06)×1010[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1270 1.2×1010[44] Elliptical galaxy located in the Perseus Cluster. Also is a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN).[45]
SDSS J082535.19+512706.3 (1.12±0.20)×1010[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line
SDSS J013127.34-032100.1 (1.1±0.2)×1010[46] Estimated from accretion disk spectrum modelling.[46]
ICRF J131043.3-555211 1.05+0.02
−0.05×1010[47]		 Estimated from MgII emission line correlation.
PSO J334.2028+01.4075 1×1010[48] There are actually two black holes, orbiting at each other in a close pair with a 542-day period. The largest one is quoted, while the smaller one's mass is not defined.[48]
RX J1532.9+3021 1×1010[49]
QSO B2126-158 1×1010[23]–4.9+1.13
−1.01×1010[47]		 Higher value estimated with quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
NGC 1281 1×1010[50] Compact elliptical galaxy in the Perseus Cluster. Mass estimates range from 10 billion M☉ down to <5 billion M☉.[44]
SDSS J015741.57-010629.6 (9.8±1.4)×109[30]
SDSS J230301.45-093930.7 (9.12±0.88)×109[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J140821.67+025733.2 8×109[51] Initially reported the mass of 1.96×1011 M☉, making this black hole the most massive one discovered, due to incorrect measurement of its C iv width in the DR12Q catalog, amplified by a correction method that exacerbated the overestimate of mass, based on measurements from the SDSS DR12 Quasar Catalog, the new study report that the mass is estimated 8×109 M☉ using quasar MgII emission line correlation.[51]
SDSS J075819.70+202300.9 (7.8±3.9)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
CID-947 6.9+0.8
−1.2×109[52] 		Constitutes 10% of the total mass of its host galaxy. Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080956.02+502000.9 (6.46±0.45)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J014214.75+002324.2 (6.31±1.16)×109[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 87 7.22+0.34
−0.40×109[53]
6.3×109[54] 		Central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster; the first black hole directly imaged.
NGC 5419 7.2+2.7
−1.9×109[55]		 Estimated from the stellar velocity distribution. A secondary satellite SMBH may orbit around 70 parsecs.[55]
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 (5.25±0.73)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J094202.04+042244.5 (5.13±0.71)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
QSO B0746+254 5×109[23]
QSO B2149-306 5×109[23]
SDSS J090033.50+421547.0 (4.7±0.2)×109[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 60 (4.5±1.0)×109[56]
SDSS J011521.20+152453.3 (4.1±2.4)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
QSO B0222+185 4×109[23]
Hercules A (3C 348) 4×109 Notable for its million light-year long relativistic jet.
SDSS J075403.60+481428.0 3.89×109[57]
SDSS J150752.66+133844.5 3.681×109[57]
Abell 1836-BCG 3.61+0.41
−0.50×109[58]
SDSS J213023.61+122252.0 (3.5±0.2)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J173352.23+540030.4 (3.4±0.4)×109[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
WISE J104222.11+164115.3 3.24×109[59] Estimated from quasar Hα line correlation. Another paper suggests much higher masses of (8.318±0.6)×1010 M☉ and 8.511+2.2
−1.8×1010 M☉ based on Hα and Hβ line correlations,[60] however, this is likely inaccurate due to the model not taking into account the reddening of the AGN.[59]
SDSS J025021.76-075749.9 (3.1±0.6)×109[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1271 3.0+1.0
−1.1×109[61]		 Compact elliptical or lenticular galaxy in the Perseus Cluster.[62]
SDSS J030341.04-002321.9 (3.0±0.4)×109[30] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
QSO B0836+710 3×109[23]
SDSS J162752.18+541912.5 2.75×109[57]
SDSS J224956.08+000218.0 (2.63±1.21)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J030449.85-000813.4 (2.4±0.50)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J234625.66-001600.4 (2.24±0.15)×109[30] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
ULAS J1120+0641 2×109[63][64]
QSO 0537-286 2×109[23]
NGC 3115 2×109[65]
Q0906+6930 2×109[66] Most distant blazar, at z = 5.47
SDSS J025231.19+034112.7 1.51×109[57]
QSO B0805+614 1.5×109[23]
Messier 84 1.5×109[67]
Pōniuāʻena
(J100758.264+211529.207)		 (1.5±0.2)×109[68] Second most-distant quasar known
PKS 2059+034 1.36×109[69]
Abell 3565-BCG 1.34+0.21
−0.19×109[58]
NGC 7768 1.3+0.5
−0.4×109[28]
NGC 1277 1.2×109[70] Once thought to harbor a black hole so large that it contradicted modern galaxy formation and evolutionary theories,[71] re-analysis of the data revised it downward to roughly a third of the original estimate.[72] and then one tenth.[70]
SDSS J233254.46+151305.5 1.094×109[57]
QSO B225155+2217 1×109[23]
QSO B1210+330 1×109[23]
Cygnus A 1×109[73] Brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky as seen at frequencies above 1 GHz
Sombrero Galaxy 1×109[74] Bolometrically most luminous galaxy in the local universe and also the nearest billion-solar-mass black hole to Earth.
Markarian 501 9×108–3.4×109[75] Brightest object in the sky in very high energy gamma rays.
PG 1426+015 (1.298±0.385)×109[4]
467740000[5]
3C 109 9.3×108[76]
3C 273 (8.86±1.87)×108[4]
550000000[5]		 Brightest quasar in the sky
ULAS J1342+0928 8×108[77]
SDSS J155053.16+052112.1 7.94×108[57]
Messier 49 5.6×108[78]
NGC 1399 5×108[79] Central galaxy of the Fornax Cluster
PG 0804+761 (6.93±0.83)×108[4]
190550000[5]
PG 1617+175 (5.94±1.38)×108[4]
275420000[5]
PG 1700+518 7.81+1.82
−1.65×108[4]
60260000[5]
UGC 12591 (6.18±2.61)×108[80]
SDSS J214611.58-070449.2 2.75×109[57]
SDSS J020151.65+012902.5 5.37×108[57]
SDSS J113029.48+634620.4 4.90×108[57]
NGC 4261 4×108[81] Notable for its 88000 light-year long relativistic jet.[82]
PG 1307+085 4.4±1.23 × 108,[4]
281 840 000[5]
SDSS J134617.54+622045.5 3.98×108[57]
SAGE0536AGN 3.5±0.8 × 108[83][84] Constitutes 1.4% of the mass of its host galaxy
NGC 1275 3.4×108[85] Central galaxy of the Perseus Cluster
3C 390.3 2.87±0.64 × 108[4]
338840000[5]
II Zwicky 136 (4.57±0.55)×108[4]
144540000[5]
PG 0052+251 (3.69±0.76)×108[4]
218780000[5]
Messier 59 2.7×108[86] This black hole has a retrograde rotation.[87]
PG 1411+442 (4.43±1.46)×108[4]
79430000[5]
Markarian 876 (2.79±1.29)×108[4]
240000000[5]
PG 0953+414 (2.76±0.59)×108[4]
182000000[5]
PG 0026+129 (3.93±0.96)×108[4]
53700000[5]
Fairall 9 (2.55±0.56)×108[4]
79430000[5]
NGC 7727 1.54+0.18
−0.15×108[88] 		with 6.3×106 companion and the closest confirmed BBH to Earth at about 89 million light years away
Markarian 1095 (1.5±0.19)×108[4]
182000000[5]
Andromeda Galaxy
(Messier 31)		 1.41+0.63
−4.4×108,
6.22+3.19
−2.11×107,
9.4+8.1
−4.35×107,
6.98+7.88
−3.29×107,
3.74+11.43
−1.39×107,
1.19+2.41
−0.8×108,
4.36+3.57
−1.96×107,
2.96+3.08
−1.51×107[89]		 Nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way. Masses measured with different methods.
OJ 287 secondary 1.5×108[40] The smaller black hole orbiting OJ 287 primary (see above).
PG 1211+143 1.46±0.44 × 108,[4]
40740000[5]
Messier 105 1.4×108–2×108[90]
Markarian 509 1.43±0.12 × 108,[4]
57550000[5]
RX J124236.9-111935 1×108[91] Observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory to be tidally disrupting a star.[91][92]
Messier 85 1×108[93]
NGC 5548 6.71±0.26 × 107[4]
123000000[5]
Messier 88 8×107[94]
Messier 81
(Bode's Galaxy)		 7×107[95]
Markarian 771 7.32±3.52 × 107[4]
7.586×107[5]
Messier 58 7×107[94]
PG 0844+349 9.24±3.81 × 107[4]
2.138×107[5]
Centaurus A 5.5×107[96] Also notable for its million light-year long relativistic jet.[97]
Markarian 79 5.24±1.44 × 107[4]
5.25×107[5]
Messier 96 4.8×107
(48000000)[98]		 Estimates can be as low as 1.5 million solar masses
Markarian 817 4.94±0.77 × 107[4]
4.365×107[5]
NGC 3227 4.22±2.14 × 107[4]
3.89×107[5]
NGC 4151 primary 4×107[99][100] A small black hole of 10×106 M☉ orbits this one (see below)
3C 120 5.55+3.14
−2.25×107[4]
2.29×107[5]
Markarian 279 3.49±0.92 × 107[4]
4.17×107[5]
NGC 3516 4.27±1.46 × 107[4]
2.3×107[5]
NGC 863 4.75±0.74 × 107[4]
1.77×107[5]
Messier 82
(Cigar Galaxy)		 3×107[101] Prototype starburst galaxy.[102]
Messier 108 2.4×107[103]
M60-UCD1 2×107[104] Constitutes 15% of the mass of its host galaxy.
NGC 3783 2.98±0.54 × 107[4]
9300000[5]
Markarian 110 2.51±0.61 × 107[4]
5620000[5]
Markarian 335 1.42±0.37 × 107[4]
6310000[5]
NGC 4151 secondary 10×106
(10000000)[100]		 Orbiting larger companion (see above)
NGC 7469 12.2±1.4 × 106,[4]
6460000[5]
IC 4329A 9.90+17.88
−11.88×106,[4]
5010000[5]
NGC 4593 5.36+9.37
−6.95×106,[4]
8130000[5]
Messier 61 5×106[105]
Sagittarius A* 4.3×106[106]
(8.54×1036 kg)		 The black hole at the center of the Milky Way; second black hole directly imaged (after Messier 87)
Messier 32 1.5×106–5×106[107] A dwarf satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy.
NGC 4395 3.599×105[108] May be the smallest supermassive black hole.

參見

[编辑]

Notes

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 [7][8][9][10]

References

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Merritt, David. Dynamics and Evolution of Galactic Nuclei. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2013: 23. ISBN 978-0-691-15860-0. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 King, Andrew. Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the MBH-σ Relation. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2003-09-15, 596 (1): L27–L29. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596L..27K. S2CID 9507887. arXiv:astro-ph/0308342 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/379143. 
  3. ^ Ferrarese, Laura; Merritt, David. A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal (The American Astronomical Society). 2000-08-10, 539 (1): L9–12. Bibcode:2000ApJ...539L...9F. S2CID 6508110. arXiv:astro-ph/0006053 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/312838. 
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 Peterson, Bradley M. Measuring the Masses of Supermassive Black Holes (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 2013, 183 (1–4): 253 [2015-03-12]. Bibcode:2014SSRv..183..253P. S2CID 16464532. doi:10.1007/s11214-013-9987-4. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-26）. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 Nelson, Charles H. Black Hole Mass, Velocity Dispersion, and the Radio Source in Active Galactic Nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal. 2000, 544 (2): L91–L94. Bibcode:2000ApJ...544L..91N. S2CID 117449813. arXiv:astro-ph/0009188 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/317314. 
  6. ^ September 2020, Paul Sutter 29. Black holes so big we don't know how they form could be hiding in the universe. Space.com. 29 September 2020 [2021-02-06] （英语）. 
  7. ^ King, Andrew. How big can a black hole grow?. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. February 2016, 456 (1): L109–L112. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456L.109K. S2CID 40147275. arXiv:1511.08502 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv186 可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Trosper, Jaime. Is There a Limit to How Large Black Holes Can Become?. futurism.com. May 5, 2014 [November 27, 2018]. 
  9. ^ Clery, Daniel. Limit to how big black holes can grow is astonishing. sciencemag.org. December 21, 2015 [November 27, 2018]. 
  10. ^ Black holes could grow as large as 50 billion suns before their food crumbles into stars, research shows. University of Leicester. [November 27, 2018]. （原始内容存档于October 25, 2021）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Brockamp, M.; Baumgardt, H.; Britzen, S.; Zensus, A. Unveiling Gargantua: A new search strategy for the most massive central cluster black holes. Astronomy & Astrophysics. January 2016, 585. A153. Bibcode:2016A&A...585A.153B. S2CID 54641547. arXiv:1509.04782 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526873. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Rusinek, Katarzyna; Sikora, Marek; Kozieł-Wierzbowska, Dorota; Gupta, Maitrayee. On the Diversity of Jet Production Efficiency in Swift/BAT AGNs. The Astrophysical Journal. 8 September 2020, 900 (2): 13. Bibcode:2020ApJ...900..125R. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 219955960. arXiv:2006.11049 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba75f 可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Dullo, B.T. The Most Massive Galaxies with Large Depleted Cores: Structural Parameter Relations and Black Hole Masses. The Astrophysical Journal. 22 November 2019, 886 (2): 80. Bibcode:2019ApJ...886...80D. S2CID 204838306. arXiv:1910.10240 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4d4f 可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Dullo, B.T.; de Paz, A.G.; Knapen, J.H. Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: MBH−σ versus MBH−Rb. The Astrophysical Journal. 18 February 2021, 908 (2): 134. Bibcode:2021ApJ...908..134D. S2CID 227745078. arXiv:2012.04471 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abceae 可免费查阅. 
  15. ^ Dullo, Bililign T.; Graham, Alister W.; Knapen, Johan H. A remarkably large depleted core in the Abell 2029 BCG IC 1101. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. October 2017, 471 (2): 2321–2333. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.471.2321D. S2CID 119000593. arXiv:1707.02277 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1635 可免费查阅. 
  16. ^ Most Powerful Eruption In The Universe Discovered NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (ScienceDaily) January 6, 2005
  17. ^ McNamara, B. R.; Nulsen, P. E. J.; Wise, M. W.; Rafferty, D. A.; Carilli, C.; Sarazin, C. L.; Blanton, E. L. The heating of gas in a galaxy cluster by X-ray cavities and large-scale shock fronts. Nature. 2005, 433 (7021): 45–47. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...45M. PMID 15635404. S2CID 4340763. doi:10.1038/nature03202. 
  18. ^ Rafferty, D. A.; McNamara, B. R.; Nulsen, P. E. J.; Wise, M. W. The Feedback-regulated Growth of Black Holes and Bulges through Gas Accretion and Starbursts in Cluster Central Dominant Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. 2006, 652 (1): 216–231. Bibcode:2006ApJ...652..216R. S2CID 9481371. arXiv:astro-ph/0605323 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/507672. 
  19. ^ Ge, Xue; Bi-Xuan, Zhao; Wei-Hao, Bian; Green Richard, Frederick. The Blueshift of the C IV Broad Emission Line in QSOs. The Astronomical Journal. 21 March 2019, 157 (4): 14. Bibcode:2019AJ....157..148G. S2CID 84842636. arXiv:1903.08830 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab0956 可免费查阅. 
  20. ^ Shemmer, O.; Netzer, H.; Maiolino, R.; Oliva, E.; Croom, S.; Corbett, E.; di Fabrizio, L. Near-infrared spectroscopy of high-redshift active galactic nuclei. I. A metallicity-accretion rate relationship. The Astrophysical Journal. 2004, 614 (2): 547–557. Bibcode:2004ApJ...614..547S. S2CID 119010341. arXiv:astro-ph/0406559 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/423607. 
  21. ^ Mehrgan, K.; Thomas, J.; Saglia, R.; Massalay, X.; Erwin, P.; Bender, R.; Kluge, M.; Fabricius, M. A 40-billion solar mass black hole in the extreme core of Holm 15A, the central galaxy of Abell 85. The Astrophysical Journal. 2019, 887 (2): 195. Bibcode:2019ApJ...887..195M. S2CID 198899965. arXiv:1907.10608 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5856 可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ López-Cruz, O.; Añorve, C.; Birkinshaw, M.; Worrall, D. M.; Ibarra-Medel, H. J.; Barkhouse, W. A.; Torres-Papaqui, J. P.; Motta, V. The Brightest Cluster Galaxy in Abell 85: The Largest Core Known So Far. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014, 795 (2): L31. Bibcode:2014ApJ...795L..31L. S2CID 1140857. arXiv:1405.7758 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/795/2/L31. 
  23. ^ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 Ghisellini, G.; Ceca, R. Della; Volonteri, M.; Ghirlanda, G.; Tavecchio, F.; Foschini, L.; Tagliaferri, G.; Haardt, F.; Pareschi, G.; Grindlay, J. Chasing the heaviest black holes in active galactic nuclei, the largest black hole. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2010, 405 (1): 387. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.405..387G. S2CID 40214759. arXiv:0912.0001 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16449.x 可免费查阅. 
  24. ^ Ghisellini, G.; Foschini, L.; Volonteri, M.; Ghirlanda, G.; Haardt, F.; Burlon, D.; Tavecchio, F.; et al. The blazar S5 0014+813: a real or apparent monster?. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. v2. 14 July 2009, 399 (1): L24–L28. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399L..24G. S2CID 14438667. arXiv:0906.0575 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00716.x 可免费查阅. 
  25. ^ Gaensler, Bryan. Extreme Cosmos: A Guided Tour of the Fastest, Brightest, Hottest, Heaviest, Oldest, and Most Amazing Aspects of Our Universe. Penguin. 2012-07-03. ISBN 978-1-101-58701-0. 
  26. ^ Melo-Carneiro, Carlos R.; Collett, Thomas E.; Oldham, Lindsay J.; Enzi, Wolfgang J. R.; Furlanetto, Cristina; Chies-Santos, Ana L.; et al. Unveiling a 36 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole at the Centre of the Cosmic Horseshoe Gravitational Lens. 19 February 2025. arXiv:2502.13788v2 可免费查阅 [astro-ph.GA]. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 McConnell, Nicholas J.; Ma, Chung-Pei; Gebhardt, Karl; Wright, Shelley A.; Murphy, Jeremy D.; Lauer, Tod R.; Graham, James R.; Richstone, Douglas O. Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies. Nature. 2011, 480 (7376): 215–8. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..215M. PMID 22158244. S2CID 4408896. arXiv:1112.1078 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature10636. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 McConnell, N. J.; Ma, C.-P.; Murphy, J. D.; Gebhardt, K.; Lauer, T. R.; Graham, J. R.; Wright, S. A.; Richstone, D. O. Dynamical Measurements of Black Hole Masses in Four Brightest Cluster Galaxies at 100 Mpc. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012, 756 (2): 179. Bibcode:2012ApJ...756..179M. S2CID 119114155. arXiv:1203.1620 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/179. 
  29. ^ Christopher A Onken; Fuyan Bian; Xiaohui Fan; Feige Wang; Christian Wolf; Jinyi Yang, thirty-four billion solar mass black hole in SMSS J2157–3602, the most luminous known quasar, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, August 2020, 496 (2): 2309, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.496.2309O, arXiv:2005.06868 可免费查阅, doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1635 可免费查阅 
  30. ^ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 30.17 30.18 30.19 30.20 30.21 30.22 30.23 Zuo, Wenwen; Wu, Xue-Bing; Fan, Xiaohui; Green, Richard; Wang, Ran; Bian, Fuyan. Black Hole Mass Estimates and Rapid Growth of Supermassive Black Holes in Luminous $z \sim$ 3.5 Quasars. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014, 799 (2): 189. Bibcode:2015ApJ...799..189Z. S2CID 73642040. arXiv:1412.2438 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/189. 
  31. ^ J W Nightingale; Russell J Smith; Qiuhan He; Conor M O'Riordan; Jacob A Kegerreis; Aristeidis Amvrosiadis; Alastair C Edge; Amy Etherington; Richard G Hayes; Ash Kelly; John R Lucey; Richard J Massey, Abell 1201: detection of an ultramassive black hole in a strong gravitational lens, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, May 2023, 521 (3): 3298–3322, arXiv:2303.15514 可免费查阅, doi:10.1093/mnras/stad587 可免费查阅  (published online 29 March 2023 )
  32. ^ Smith, R. J.; Lucey, J. R.; Edge, A. C. A counterimage to the gravitational arc in Abell 1201: Evidence for IMF variations or a 1010 Msun black hole?. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2017, 467 (1): 836–848. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.467..836S. S2CID 59965783. arXiv:1701.02745 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx059 可免费查阅. 
  33. ^ Smith, R. J.; Lucey, J. R.; Edge, A. C. Stellar dynamics in the strong-lensing central galaxy of Abell 1201: A low stellar mass-to-light ratio a large central compact mass and a standard dark matter halo. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2017, 1706 (1): 383–393. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.471..383S. S2CID 54757451. arXiv:1706.07055 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1573 可免费查阅. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Walker, S. A.; Fabian, A. C.; Russell, H. R.; Sanders, J. S. The effect of the quasar H1821+643 on the surrounding intracluster medium: Revealing the underlying cooling flow. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2014, 442 (3): 2809. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2809W. S2CID 118724526. arXiv:1405.7522 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1067 可免费查阅. 
  35. ^ Magorrian, J.; Tremaine, S.; Richstone, D.; Bender, R.; Bower, G.; Dressler, A.; Faber, S.~M.; Gebhardt, K.; Green, R.; Grillmair, C.; Kormendy, J.; Lauer, T. The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers. The Astronomical Journal. June 1998, 115 (6): 2285–2305. Bibcode:1998AJ....115.2285M. S2CID 17256372. arXiv:astro-ph/9708072 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/300353. 
  36. ^ Surti, Tirth; Romani, Roger W.; Scharwächter, Julia; Peck, Alison; Taylor, Greg B. The Central Kinematics and Black Hole Mass of 4C+37.11. The Astrophysical Journal. 5 January 2024, 960 (2): 6. Bibcode:2024ApJ...960..110S. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 266191216. arXiv:2312.07766 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad14fa 可免费查阅. 
  37. ^ Jeram, Sarik; Gonzalez, Anthony; Eikenberry, Stephen; Stern, Daniel; Mendes De Oliveira, Claudia Lucia; Izuti Nakazono, Lilianne Mariko; Ackley, Kendall. An Extremely Bright QSO at z = 2.89. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020, 899 (1): 76. Bibcode:2020ApJ...899...76J. S2CID 219966890. arXiv:2006.11915 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c95 可免费查阅. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Riechers, D. A.; Walter, F.; Carilli, C. L.; Lewis, G. F. Imaging The Molecular Gas in a z = 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0farcs3 Resolution: A Central Sub-Kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in APM 08279+5255. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 690 (1): 463–485. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690..463R. S2CID 13959993. arXiv:0809.0754 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463. 
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Saturni, F. G.; Trevese, D.; Vagnetti, F.; Perna, M.; Dadina, M. A multi-epoch spectroscopic study of the BAL quasar APM 08279+5255. II. Emission- and absorption-line variability time lags. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2016, 587: A43. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A..43S. S2CID 118548618. arXiv:1512.03195 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527152. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Valtonen, Mauri J.; Zola, Staszek; Gopakumar, Achamveedu; Lähteenmäki, Anne; Tornikoski, Merja; Dey, Lankeswar; Gupta, Alok C.; Pursimo, Tapio; Knudstrup, Emil; Gomez, Jose L.; Hudec, Rene; Jelínek, Martin; Štrobl, Jan; Berdyugin, Andrei V.; Ciprini, Stefano. On the need of an ultramassive black hole in OJ 287. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2023-08-09, 525 (1): 1153–1157. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:2308.03017 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2249 可免费查阅. 
  41. ^ Thomas, J.; Ma, C.-P.; McConnell, N. J.; Greene, J. E.; Blakeslee, J. P.; Janish, R. A 17-billion-solar-mass black hole in a group galaxy with a diffuse core. Nature. 2016, 532 (7599): 340–342. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..340T. PMID 27049949. S2CID 4454301. arXiv:1604.01400 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature17197. 
  42. ^ Morrow, Ashley. Behemoth Black Hole Found in an Unlikely Place. 5 April 2016. 
  43. ^ Eilers, Anna-Christina; Simcoe, Robert A.; Yue, Minghao; Mackenzie, Ruari; Matthee, Jorryt; Durovcikova, Dominika; Kashino, Daichi; Bordoloi, Rongmon; Lilly, Simon J. EIGER. III. JWST/NIRCam Observations of the Ultraluminous High-redshift Quasar J0100+2802. The Astrophysical Journal. 2023, 950 (1): 68. Bibcode:2023ApJ...950...68E. arXiv:2211.16261 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd776 可免费查阅. 
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Ferré-Mateu, Anna; Mezcua, Mar; Trujillo, Ignacio; Balcells, Marc; Bosch, Remco C. E. van den. Massive Relic Galaxies Challenge the Co-Evolution of Super-Massive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015-07-21, 808 (1): 79. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808...79F. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 118777377. arXiv:1506.02663 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/79 （英语）. 
  45. ^ Park, Songyoun; Yang, Jun; Oonk, J. B. Raymond; Paragi, Zsolt. Discovery of five low-luminosity active galactic nuclei at the centre of the Perseus cluster. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016-11-22, 465 (4): 3943–3948. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.465.3943P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 53538944. arXiv:1611.05986 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3012 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 Ghisellini, G.; Tagliaferri, G.; Sbarrato, T.; Gehrels, N. SDSS J013127.34-032100.1: A candidate blazar with a 11 billion solar mass black hole at $z$=5.18. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 2015, 450: L34–L38. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.450L..34G. S2CID 118449836. arXiv:1501.07269 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv042 可免费查阅. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Mejía-Restrepo Julian E.; et al. BASS. XXV. DR2 Broad-line-based Black Hole Mass Estimates and Biases from Obscuration. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 11 April 2022, 261 (1): 29. Bibcode:2022ApJS..261....5M. ISSN 1538-4365. S2CID 248118783. arXiv:2204.05321 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac6602 可免费查阅. 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 Liu, Tingting; Gezari, Suvi; Heinis, Sebastien; Magnier, Eugene A.; Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth; Flewelling, Heather; Huber, Mark; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nicholas; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Tonry, John L.; Wainscoat, Richard J.; Waters, Christopher. A Periodically Varying Luminous Quasar at z=2 from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey: A Candidate Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Gravitational Wave-Driven Regime. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015, 803 (2): L16. Bibcode:2015ApJ...803L..16L. S2CID 118580031. arXiv:1503.02083 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/803/2/L16. 
  49. ^ Hlavacek-Larrondo, J.; Allen, S. W.; Taylor, G. B.; Fabian, A. C.; Canning, R. E. Ato.; Werner, N.; Sanders, J. S.; Grimes, C. K.; Ehlert, S.; von Der Linden, A. Probing the extreme realm of AGN feedback in the massive galaxy cluster, RX J1532.9+3021. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013, 777 (2): 163. Bibcode:2013ApJ...777..163H. S2CID 118597740. arXiv:1306.0907 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/163. 
  50. ^ Yıldırım, Akın; Bosch, Van Den; E, Remco C.; van de Ven, Glenn; Dutton, Aaron; Läsker, Ronald; Husemann, Bernd; Walsh, Jonelle L.; Gebhardt, Karl. The massive dark halo of the compact early-type galaxy NGC 1281. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016-02-11, 456 (1): 538–553. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456..538Y. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 118483580. arXiv:1511.03131 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2665 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Guo, Hengxiao; J. Barth, Aaron. The Quasar SDSS J140821.67+025733.2 Does Not Contain a 196 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole. American Astronomical Society. 2021, 5 (1): 2. Bibcode:2021RNAAS...5....2G. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abd7f9 可免费查阅. 
  52. ^ Trakhtenbrot, Benny; Megan Urry, C.; Civano, Francesca; Rosario, David J.; Elvis, Martin; Schawinski, Kevin; Suh, Hyewon; Bongiorno, Angela; Simmons, Brooke D. An Over-Massive Black Hole in a Typical Star-Forming Galaxy, 2 Billion Years After the Big Bang. Science. 2015, 349 (168): 168–171. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..168T. PMID 26160942. S2CID 22406584. arXiv:1507.02290 可免费查阅. doi:10.1126/science.aaa4506. 
  53. ^ Oldham, L. J.; Auger, M. W. Galaxy structure from multiple tracers – II. M87 from parsec to megaparsec scales. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016, 457 (1): 421–439. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457..421O. S2CID 119166670. arXiv:1601.01323 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2982 可免费查阅. 
  54. ^ Walsh, Jonelle L.; Barth, Aaron J.; Ho, Luis C.; Sarzi, Marc. The M87 Black Hole Mass from Gas-dynamical Models of Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations. The Astrophysical Journal. June 2013, 770 (2): 86. Bibcode:2013ApJ...770...86W. S2CID 119193955. arXiv:1304.7273 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/86. 
  55. ^ 55.0 55.1 Mazzalay, X.; Thomas, J.; Saglia, R. P.; Wegner, G. A.; Bender, R.; Erwin, P.; Fabricius, M. H.; Rusli, S. P. The supermassive black hole and double nucleus of the core elliptical NGC 5419. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2016, 462 (3): 2847–2860. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.2847M. S2CID 119236364. arXiv:1607.06466 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1802 可免费查阅. 
  56. ^ Juntai Shen; Karl Gebhardt. The Supermassive Black Hole and Dark Matter Halo of NGC 4649 (M60). The Astrophysical Journal. 2010, 711 (1): 484–494. Bibcode:2010ApJ...711..484S. S2CID 119291328. arXiv:0910.4168 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/1/484. 
  57. ^ 57.00 57.01 57.02 57.03 57.04 57.05 57.06 57.07 57.08 57.09 Prokhorenko, S. A.; Sazonov, S. Yu.; Gilfanov, M. R.; Balashev, S. A.; Medvedev, P. S.; Starobinsky, A. A.; Sunyaev, R. A. X-ray variability of SDSS quasars based on the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2 March 2024, 528 (4): 5972–5989. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.528.5972P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 267095212. arXiv:2401.12860 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae261 可免费查阅. 
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 Dalla Bontà, E.; Ferrarese, L.; Corsini, E. M.; Miralda-Escudé, J.; Coccato, L.; Sarzi, M.; Pizzella, A.; Beifiori, A. The High-Mass End of the Black Hole Mass Function: Mass Estimates in Brightest Cluster Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009, 690 (1): 537–559. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690..537D. S2CID 17074507. arXiv:0809.0766 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/537. 
  59. ^ 59.0 59.1 Glikman, Eliat; et al. A Highly Magnified Gravitationally Lensed Red QSO at z = 2.5 with a Significant Flux Ratio Anomaly. The Astrophysical Journal. 20 January 2023, 943 (1): 22. Bibcode:2023ApJ...943...25G. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 253397439. arXiv:2211.03866 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca093 可免费查阅. 
  60. ^ Matsuoka, K.; Toba, Y.; Shidatsu, M.; Terashima, Y.; Imanshi, M.; Nagao, T.; Marconi, A.; Wang, W. -H. Ratio of black hole to galaxy mass of an extremely red dust-obscured galaxy at z = 2.52. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 30 November 2018, 620 (6): L3. Bibcode:2018A&A...620L...3M. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119211138. arXiv:1811.07902 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833943. 
  61. ^ Walsh, Jonelle L.; Bosch, Remco C. E. van den; Gebhardt, Karl; Yildirim, Akin; Gültekin, Kayhan; Husemann, Bernd; Richstone, Douglas O. The Black Hole in the Compact, High-Dispersion Galaxy NGC 1271. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015-08-03, 808 (2): 183. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..183W. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 41570998. arXiv:1506.05129 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/183 （英语）. 
  62. ^ Graham, Alister W.; Ciambur, Bogdan C.; Savorgnan, Giulia A. D. Disky Elliptical Galaxies and the Allegedly Over-massive Black Hole in the Compact "ES" Galaxy NGC 1271. The Astrophysical Journal. 2016, 831 (2): 132. Bibcode:2016ApJ...831..132G. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118435675. arXiv:1608.00711 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/132 可免费查阅. hdl:1959.3/432781 （英语）. 
  63. ^ Daniel J. Mortlock; Stephen J. Warren; Bram P. Venemans; Patel; Hewett; McMahon; Simpson; Theuns; Gonzáles-Solares; Adamson; Dye; Hambly; Hirst; Irwin; Kuiper; Lawrence; Röttgering; et al. A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085. Nature. 2011, 474 (7353): 616–619. Bibcode:2011Natur.474..616M. PMID 21720366. S2CID 2144362. arXiv:1106.6088 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature10159. 
  64. ^ John Matson. Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe. Scientific American. 2011-06-29 [2011-06-30]. 
  65. ^ Kormendy, John; Richstone, Douglas. Evidence for a supermassive black hole in NGC 3115. The Astrophysical Journal. 1992, 393: 559–578. Bibcode:1992ApJ...393..559K. doi:10.1086/171528. 
  66. ^ Romani, Roger W. The Spectral Energy Distribution of the High-z Blazar Q0906+6930. The Astronomical Journal. 2006, 132 (5): 1959–1963. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.1959R. S2CID 119331684. arXiv:astro-ph/0607581 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/508216. 
  67. ^ Bower, G.A.; et al. Kinematics of the Nuclear Ionized Gas in the Radio Galaxy M84 (NGC 4374). Astrophysical Journal. 1998, 492 (1): 111–114. Bibcode:1998ApJ...492L.111B. S2CID 119456112. arXiv:astro-ph/9710264 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/311109. 
  68. ^ Jinyi Yang; Feige Wang; Xiaohui Fan; Joseph F. Hennawi; Frederick B. Davies; Minghao Yue; Eduardo Banados; Xue-Bing Wu; Bram Venemans; Aaron J. Barth; Fuyan Bian; Konstantina Boutsia; Roberto Decarli; Emanuele Paolo Farina; Richard Green; Linhua Jiang; Jiang-Tao Li; Chiara Mazzucchelli; Fabian Walter. Pōniuāʻena: A Luminous z=7.5 Quasar Hosting a 1.5 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2020, 897 (1): L14. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897L..14Y. S2CID 220042206. arXiv:2006.13452 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9c26 可免费查阅. 
  69. ^ Oshlack, A. Y. K. N.; Webster, R. L.; Whiting, M. T. Black Hole Mass Estimates of Radio-selected Quasars. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002, 576 (1): 81–88. Bibcode:2002ApJ...576...81O. S2CID 15343258. arXiv:astro-ph/0205171 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/341729. 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 Graham, Alister W.; Durré, Mark; Savorgnan, Giulia A. D.; Medling, Anne M.; Batcheldor, Dan; Scott, Nicholas; Watson, Beverly; Marconi, Alessandro. A Normal Supermassive Black Hole in NGC 1277. The Astrophysical Journal. 1 March 2016, 819 (1): 43. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819...43G. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 36974319. arXiv:1601.05151 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/43 可免费查阅. 
  71. ^ van den Bosch, Remco C. E.; et al. An over-massive black hole in the compact lenticular galaxy NGC 1277. Nature. 29 Nov 2012, 491 (7426): 729–731. Bibcode:2012Natur.491..729V. PMID 23192149. S2CID 205231230. arXiv:1211.6429 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature11592. 
  72. ^ Emsellem, Eric. Is the black hole in NGC 1277 really overmassive?. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Aug 2013, 433 (3): 1862–1870. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.433.1862E. S2CID 54011632. arXiv:1305.3630 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt840 可免费查阅. 
  73. ^ Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull interactive: Encyclopedia. HubbleSite. [2015-05-20]. 
  74. ^ J. Kormendy; R. Bender; E. A. Ajhar; A. Dressler; S. M. Faber; K. Gebhardt; C. Grillmair; T. R. Lauer; D. Richstone; S. Tremaine. Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopic Evidence for a 1 X 10 9 Msun Black Hole in NGC 4594. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1996, 473 (2): L91–L94. Bibcode:1996ApJ...473L..91K. doi:10.1086/310399 可免费查阅. 
  75. ^ Rieger, F. M.; Mannheim, K. On the central black hole mass in Mkn 501. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2003, 397: 121–126. Bibcode:2003A&A...397..121R. S2CID 14579804. arXiv:astro-ph/0210326 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021482. 
  76. ^ Chalise, Sulov; Lohfink, Anne M.; Kara, Erin; Fabian, Andy C. Broad-band X-ray observation of broad-line radio galaxy 3C 109. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020-07-01, 897 (1): 47. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897...47C. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2005.09077 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab94a2 可免费查阅. 
  77. ^ Bañados, Eduardo; et al. An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5. Nature. 6 December 2017, 553 (7689): 473–476. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326. arXiv:1712.01860 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/nature25180. 
  78. ^ Loewenstein, Michael; et al. Chandra Limits on X-Ray Emission Associated with the Supermassive Black Holes in Three Giant Elliptical Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. July 2001, 555 (1): L21–L24. Bibcode:2001ApJ...555L..21L. S2CID 14873290. arXiv:astro-ph/0106326 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/323157. 
  79. ^ GEBHARDT, K.; LAUER, T. R.; PINKNEY, J.; BENDER, R.; RICHSTONE, D.; ALLER, M.; BOWER, G.; DRESSLER, A. The Black Hole Mass and Extreme Orbital Structure in NGC 1399. The Astrophysical Journal. December 2007, 671 (2): 1321–1328. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671.1321G. S2CID 12042010. arXiv:0709.0585 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/522938. 
  80. ^ Ray, Shankar; Bagchi, Joydeep; Dhiwar, Suraj; Pandge, M. B.; Mirakhor, Mohammad; Walker, Stephen A.; Mukherjee, Dipanjan. Hubble Space Telescope Captures UGC 12591: Bulge/Disc properties, star formation and 'missing baryons' census in a very massive and fast-spinning hybrid galaxy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022, 517 (1): 99–117. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.517...99R. arXiv:2203.02885 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2683 可免费查阅. 
  81. ^ Massive Black Holes Dwell in Most Galaxies, According to Hubble Census. Hubblesite STScI-1997-01. 1997-01-13 [2010-05-02]. 
  82. ^ The Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4261. Astronomy 162 (Dept. Physics & Astronomy University of Tennessee). [2010-05-02]. 
  83. ^ van, Loon J. T.; Sansom, A. E. An evolutionary missing link? A modest-mass early-type galaxy hosting an oversized nuclear black hole. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2015, 453 (3): 2341–2348. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.453.2341V. S2CID 56459588. arXiv:1508.00698 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1787 可免费查阅. 
  84. ^ Black hole is 30 times expected size. phys.org. 
  85. ^ Wilman, R. J.; Edge, A. C.; Johnstone, R. M. The nature of the molecular gas system in the core of NGC 1275. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2005, 359 (2): 755–764. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.359..755W. S2CID 18190288. arXiv:astro-ph/0502537 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08956.x 可免费查阅. 
  86. ^ Wrobel, J. M.; Terashima, Y.; Ho, L. C. Outflow-dominated Emission from the Quiescent Massive Black Holes in NGC 4621 and NGC 4697. The Astrophysical Journal. 2008, 675 (2): 1041–1047. Bibcode:2008ApJ...675.1041W. S2CID 119208491. arXiv:0712.1308 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/527542. 
  87. ^ Wernli, F.; Emsellem, E.; Copin, Y. A 60 pc counter-rotating core in NGC 4621. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2002, 396: 73–81. Bibcode:2002A&A...396...73W. S2CID 18545003. arXiv:astro-ph/0209361 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021333. 
  88. ^ Voggel, K. T.; Seth, A. C.; Baumgardt, H.; Husemann, B.; Neumayer, N.; Hilker, M.; Pechetti, R.; Mieske, S.; Dumont, A.; Georgiev, I. First direct dynamical detection of a dual super-massive black hole system at sub-kpc separation. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021-11-30, 658: A152. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 244729851. arXiv:2111.14854 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140827 可免费查阅. 
  89. ^ Al-Baidhany, Ismaeel A.; Chiad, Sami S.; Jabbar, Wasmaa A.; Al-Kadumi, Ahmed K.; Habubi, Nadir F.; Mansour, Hazim L. Determine the mass of supermassive black hole in the centre of M31 in different methods. AIP Conference Proceedings. International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics Icnaam 2019. 4 December 2020, 2290 (1): 050050. Bibcode:2020AIPC.2290e0050A. doi:10.1063/5.0027838 可免费查阅. 
  90. ^ Thilker, David A.; Donovan, Jennifer; Schiminovich, David; Bianchi, Luciana; Boissier, Samuel; Gil de Paz; Armando; Madore, Barry F.; Martin, D. Christopher; Seibert, Mark. Massive star formation within the Leo 'primordial' ring. Nature. 2009, 457 (7232): 990–993. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..990T. PMID 19225520. S2CID 4424307. doi:10.1038/nature07780. 
  91. ^ 91.0 91.1 Komossa, S.; Halpern, J.; Schartel, N.; Hasinger, G.; Santos-Lleo, M.; Predehl, P. A Huge Drop in the X-Ray Luminosity of the Nonactive Galaxy RX J1242.6-1119A, and the First Postflare Spectrum: Testing the Tidal Disruption Scenario. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. May 2004, 603 (1): L17–L20. Bibcode:2004ApJ...603L..17K. S2CID 53724998. arXiv:astro-ph/0402468 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/382046. 
  92. ^ NASA: "Giant Black Hole Rips Apart Unlucky Star"
  93. ^ Kormendy, John; Bender, Ralf. Correlations between Supermassive Black Holes, Velocity Dispersions, and Mass Deficits in Elliptical Galaxies with Cores. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2009, 691 (2): L142–L146. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691L.142K. S2CID 18919128. arXiv:0901.3778 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/L142. 
  94. ^ 94.0 94.1 Merloni, Andrea; Heinz, Sebastian; di Matteo, Tiziana. A Fundamental Plane of black hole activity. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2003, 345 (4): 1057–1076. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345.1057M. S2CID 14310323. arXiv:astro-ph/0305261 可免费查阅. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07017.x. 
  95. ^ N. Devereux; H. Ford; Z. Tsvetanov & J. Jocoby. STIS Spectroscopy of the Central 10 Parsecs of M81: Evidence for a Massive Black Hole. Astronomical Journal. 2003, 125 (3): 1226–1235. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.1226D. doi:10.1086/367595 可免费查阅. 
  96. ^ Radio Telescopes Capture Best-Ever Snapshot of Black Hole Jets. NASA. 20 May 2011 [2012-10-02]. 
  97. ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J. (编). Centaurus Radio Jets Rising. Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. 2011-04-13 [2011-04-16]. 
  98. ^ Nowak, N.; et al. Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudo-bulge galaxies NGC 3368 and NGC 3489.. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. April 2010, 403 (2): 646–672. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403..646N. S2CID 59580555. arXiv:0912.2511 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16167.x 可免费查阅. 
  99. ^ NGC 4151: An active black hole in the "Eye of Sauron". Astronomy magazine. 2011-03-11 [2011-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）. 
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 Bon; Jovanović; Marziani; Shapovalova; Bon; Borka Jovanović; Borka; Sulentic; Popović. The First Spectroscopically Resolved Sub-parsec Orbit of a Supermassive Binary Black Hole. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012, 759 (2): 118–125. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759..118B. S2CID 119257514. arXiv:1209.4524 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/2/118. 
  101. ^ Gaffney, N. I.; Lester, D. F. & Telesco, C. M. The stellar velocity dispersion in the nucleus of M82. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1993, 407: L57–L60. Bibcode:1993ApJ...407L..57G. doi:10.1086/186805. 
  102. ^ Barker, S.; de Grijs, R.; Cerviño, M. Star cluster versus field star formation in the nucleus of the prototype starburst galaxy M 82. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 484 (3): 711–720. Bibcode:2008A&A...484..711B. S2CID 18885080. arXiv:0804.1913 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809653. 
  103. ^ Satyapal, S.; Vega, D.; Dudik, R. P.; Abel, N. P.; Heckman, T.; et al. Spitzer Uncovers Active Galactic Nuclei Missed by Optical Surveys in Seven Late-Type Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal. 2008, 677 (2): 926–942. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677..926S. S2CID 16050838. arXiv:0801.2759 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/529014. 
  104. ^ Strader, J.; et al. The Densest Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013, 775 (1): L6. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775L...6S. S2CID 52207639. arXiv:1307.7707 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/1/L6. 
  105. ^ Pastorini, G.; Marconi, A.; Capetti, A.; Axon, D. J.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Atkinson, J.; Batcheldor, D.; Carollo, C. M.; Collett, J.; Dressel, L.; Hughes, M. A.; Macchetto, D.; Maciejewski, W.; Sparks, W.; van der Marel, R. Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2007, 469 (2): 405–423. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..405P. S2CID 849621. arXiv:astro-ph/0703149 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066784. 
  106. ^ Ghez, A. M.; Salim; Weinberg; Lu; Do; Dunn; Matthews; Morris; Yelda; Becklin; Kremenek; Milosavljevic; Naiman; et al. Measuring Distance and Properties of the Milky Way's Central Supermassive Black Hole with Stellar Orbits. Astrophysical Journal. 2008, 689 (2): 1044–1062. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689.1044G. S2CID 18335611. arXiv:0808.2870 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/592738. 
  107. ^ Valluri, M.; Merritt, D.; Emsellem, E. Difficulties with Recovering the Masses of Supermassive Black Holes from Stellar Kinematical Data. Astrophysical Journal. 2004, 602 (1): 66–92. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602...66V. S2CID 16899097. arXiv:astro-ph/0210379 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/380896. 
  108. ^ Peterson, Bradley M.; Bentz, Misty C.; Desroches, Louis-Benoit; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Ho, Luis C.; Kaspi, Shai; Laor, Ari; Maoz, Dan; Moran, Edward C.; Pogge, Richard W.; Quillen, Alice C. Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395. I. A Reverberation-Based Measurement of the Black Hole Mass. The Astrophysical Journal. 2005-10-20, 632 (2): 799–808. Bibcode:2005ApJ...632..799P. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 13886279. arXiv:astro-ph/0506665 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/444494. hdl:1811/48314. 

Category:天文學之最列表 Category:天體列表 Category:超大質量黑洞

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:WiiUf/最大質量黑洞列表&oldid=87799220”