User:Jaymyang/日本國鐵Kiha80系柴聯車
| Jaymyang/日本國鐵Kiha80系柴聯車 | |
|---|---|
 KiHa 82 series Ōtori service, 1986 | |
| 概覽 | |
| 技術數據 |
日本國鐵Kiha80系柴聯車是于 1960 年至 2002 年间由日本国有鐵道使用，於國鐵分割民營化後由JR 北海道和JR 东海使用的特急型柴聯車。包括1960 年製造的KiHa 81型，用於取代由蒸汽機車牽引的初雁號列車，以及1961 年至 1967 年間製造的KiHa82型。KiHa 81型獲得鐵道之友會頒發的第四届蓝丝带奖 。
1960 年初已經計畫於當年12月開始行駛本型新車，並於 1960 年 9 月 15 日至 23 日，拍摄了 KiHa 81型的宣传片，于 10 月 14 日向 1960 年亚洲铁路大會的与会者展出，最後在當年 12 月 10 日起行駛初雁號。
1980 年代后期，以80系改造成三種度假列车：兩列KiHa84型（富良野特快和Tomamu Sahoro 特快）以及一列KiHa82型（Resort Liner）。富良野特快列车于 1987 年荣获第 30 届蓝丝带奖； Tomamu Sahoro 特快列车组則于 1989 年参加了四国的一项展示JR 集团所有公司列车的活动。
本型車被KiHa 183 、 KiHa 181和485 系列等車型取代，最後於2002年退役。大多数车辆在 2009 年报废，於京都铁道博物馆保留了一辆 KiHa 81 型先头车，在八甲田丸號上保存了一輛 KiHa 82 型先头车 。
背景
[编辑]第二次世界大战后四本國鐵在东海道本線、山阳本線以及鹿儿岛本线的一部分區間行駛特快（特急）列車。由于大多数人口已经居住於东海道本线沿線，鄉村地區对特快車的需求较低，而且许多路線尚未電氣化； 1956 年，只有东海道本線、高崎線和上越线為电气化，大多数线路仍以蒸汽机车為動力來源。 [1]
在日本，蒸汽机车的使用在1946年达到最高峰，共有5,958輛。 [2]蒸汽機車對於货物运输極為重要，但在终点站改变方向时需要耗時耗力的調車作業，而且考慮到日本的铁路路線狀況，蒸汽機車被認為不如動力分散式列車（尤其是当时在东京和大阪之间營運的电聯車）。 [3]
历史
[编辑]1958–1960 年：开发、推广和启动服务
[编辑]1960年9月15日，使用KiHa 81系在川越线拍摄了一部宣传片，随后于9月18日至23日在常磐线和东北本线上拍摄。 [4] 10 月 14 日，開行一列專車，載運当年亚洲铁路会议的與會者往返于东京和日光之间。 [4]于 1960 年 10 月 31 日至 11 月 18 日投入其他17輛KiHa81系，于 12 月 10 日开始行駛初雁號。[4]
量產型
[编辑]KiHa 81 型
[编辑]
1960 年，制造了KiHa81型，有兩個九車編組以及與額外的八辆车。由於行駛初雁號列車，這些車輛也被稱為初雁。1961年獲頒鐵道之友會頒發的第四屆蓝丝带奖 . [5]
1968 年至 1970 年间，其中六辆（三辆 KiRo 80 型和三辆 KiSaShi 80 型）被改装为 900 系列车。 [6]
| 分类 | 车号[nb 1] | 建造数量 | 笔记 | 参考。 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基哈 81 | 1–6 | 6 | 裝有行駛用引擎與發電機的駕駛車，可容纳 40 名乘客的驾驶室。以151 系列列车为原型，但驾驶室较低，车厢較宽。前方引擎室內大部分空間用於裝置引擎，并采用了宽开口结构，以便于维护。 | [6] |
| 基哈 80 | 1–12 | 12 | 配备两部引擎的中間车，可容纳 72 名乘客。与 KiHa 81 驾驶车（KiHa 81 和 KiHa 82 系列之间存在差异）不同，KiHa 80 车的设计保持一致。其中十辆车一直服役到 1983 年，其余两辆车则于 1977 年报废。 | [6] |
| 基罗 80 | 1–5 | 5 | 配备两部引擎的中間車头等车厢，可容纳 48 名乘客。车厢的前部和后部还配备了卫生间。最初，这些机组利用车顶的无线电天线来提供座位内广播，但由于维护困难，该天线被拆除。其中三辆后来被改装为普通车厢（1 号和 5 号被改装为 KiHa 82–900 系列领头车，2 号被改装为 KiRo 80–900 系列车），其余两辆于 1977 年报废。 | [6] |
| 80 凱莎史 | 1–3 | 3 | 这是一辆装有发动机的餐车，可容纳40名乘客。这里安装了151系列列车上也安装的列车位置指示器。后来，三辆车均装上了发动机，并改装为KiShi 80–900系列车辆。 | [6] |
1960 年底，日本国家铁路公司开始重新设计 KiHa 81 系列，重点是修复该系列的缺陷并寻找可能的改进。 KiHa 82 系列包括新设计的前列车和中间车，于 1961 年后生产。 [6]
| Classification | Car nos. | No. built | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KiHa 82 | 1–110 | 110 | A lead power car equipped with a gangway, it had a capacity of 52 passengers, which was 12 more than the KiHa 81 lead car. This was the result of design improvements, which included the removal of the hood, along with adopting a walk-through cab. Other improvements included an addition of a toilet and washroom, alongside an enlarged cabin. | [6][7] |
| KiHa 80 | 13–166 | 154 | These cars differed from those built in 1960 in that the bogies were changed and heat shielding was installed around the engine and exhaust. | [6][7] |
| KiRo 80 | 6–62 | 57 | In addition to the bogie and engine changes like that on the KiHa 80 cars, the seat radio was eliminated due to poor reception in rural areas, and the difficulties of cleaning the earphones. A water tank was installed on the roof due to the addition of two bathrooms. As the formation for the Ōzora service in 1961 did not connect these cars to the dining car, all cars from 43 onwards added a bridge between carriages, and all other cars were modified in the same way. In addition, all cars from 48 onwards had a changed bogie. | [6][7] |
| KiShi 80 | 1–37 | 3 | It is almost similar to the 151, 481 and 489 series dining cars, but with a few differences; the water tank is mounted on the floor, reducing the capacity to 32 passengers. In addition, the number of windows in the dining room and kitchen aisles was reduced by one block each, and the men's restroom and the doors for business use were installed closer to the center of the car. Initially, a carriage position indicator was installed on these cars, but these were removed when the cars were transferred to other lines. The last car (37) had larger windows in the dining room and Venetian blinds. Furthermore, an additional engine was installed. Cars 29 (which would be converted to a 500-series car for the Tomamu Sahoro Express in 1988), 36 and 37 would be transferred to JR Hokkaido in 1987, whilst the cars that were operating on Ōtori and Okhotsk services were replaced by KiHa 183 series sets in October 1986. All cars were scrapped by June 6, 2007. | [6][7] |
[[Category:東海旅客鐵道]] [[Category:北海道旅客鐵道]] [[Category:日本國有鐵道]] [[Category:日本柴油動車組]] [[Category:含有日語的條目]]
- ^ Fukuhara, Shunichi. 国鉄特急電車物語 直流電車編 [The JNR Limited Express Train Story - Electric Train]. : 45 （日语）.
- ^ Tanaka, Fumio. Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum and Steam Operations on the Yamaguchi Line. Japan Railway & Transport Review. June 2002.
The rapid growth of domestic industry after the turn of the century also saw a rapid increase in the number of SLs with the number peaking at 5958 in 1946.
- ^ Wakuda, Yasuo. Railway Modernization and Shinkansen (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review. [2022-01-22]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于13 June 2011）.
In addition to locomotive-hauled trains, EMUs also began operating on the electrified lines. JNR's first long-distance EMU started operation on the Tokaido Line between Tokyo and Numazu in 1950. In 1958, JNR started operating express trains with a maximum speed of 110 km/h between Tokyo and Osaka. Due to Japanese track standards, the multiple unit system with motor cars coupled to form a train, was preferred over the system using a heavy locomotive at the head of the train. From the viewpoint of terminal capacity, suburban EMUs also had the merit of dispensing with shunting of the locomotive.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 懐かし列車シリーズ（5）東北初の特急列車として活躍した栄光の「はつかり」物語（1ページ）｜車両｜トレたび [Nostalgic Train Series Volume 5 - the story of the glorious Hatsukari, Tohoku's first limited express train]. トレたび - Train Journey. [2021-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-24） （日语）.
- ^ 1961年 ブルーリボン・ローレル賞選定車両 – 鉄道友の会 [1961 Blue Ribbon Award & Laurel Prize - Japan Railfan Club]. Japan Railfan Club. [2021-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-27） （日语）.
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 『形式キハ80・181系』 [KiHa 80 and 181 Series]. イカロスMOOK 国鉄型車両の系譜シリーズ03 [IKAROS MOOK Genealogy of Japanese National Railways Type Vehicles Series 03]. Ikaros Publishing. 2008: 64–73. ISBN 978-4-87149-833-3 （日语）. 引用错误：带有name属性“:0”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Rail 3. Eriei Publishing Department. Spring 1981: 23–26. ISBN 4-87112-153-4 （日语）.
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