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User:August.C/西蓋特監獄

坐标：47°55′37″N 23°53′27″E / 47.92694°N 23.89083°E / 47.92694; 23.89083
维基百科，自由的百科全书
Sighet Prison
這座前監獄於2023年仍存在，目前作為錫蓋特紀念博物館（英语：錫蓋特紀念博物館）使用。
坐標47°55′37″N 23°53′27″E / 47.92694°N 23.89083°E / 47.92694; 23.89083
狀態已關閉，被列為歷史古蹟。
启用时间1897
关闭时间1977
監獄長瓦西萊·喬爾潘（1950－1955年）
城市錫蓋圖馬爾馬切伊
地址科爾內留·科波蘇街4號
国家羅馬尼亞
網站www.memorialsighet.ro

錫蓋特監獄位於羅馬尼亞馬拉穆列什縣錫蓋圖馬爾馬切伊市，曾用來關押罪犯、战俘與政治犯。如今，這裡已改建為錫蓋特紀念博物館（英语：Sighet Memorial Museum），隸屬於共產主義受害者紀念館（英语：Memorial of the Victims of Communism）。[1]

History

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Beginnings

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The Sighet Memorial Museum.
Sighet Memorial Museum, interior with cell doors.

The prison was built in 1896–1897 by the authorities of the Kingdom of Hungary. Following Austrian practice, it was situated close to the courthouse in order to facilitate prisoner transport. From its opening until 1944, it housed common criminals with sentences of six months to two years. T-shaped, the building had a ground and two upper floors. Of the 108 cells, 36 were individual and the rest fit four or six people. It was built of brick and reinforced concrete, with doors of fir wood. The thick walls were some six meters high and topped by guard towers.[2]

While Northern Transylvania（英语：Northern Transylvania） was under Soviet military administration from November 1944 to March 1945, the building was used for interning Soviet deserters and delinquents, subsequently returned to the Soviet Union. After the end of World War II, ethnic German war prisoners passed through Sighet, some on their way to forced labor in the Soviet Union, others returning home from there. Between 1947 and 1950, common criminals formed the majority of detainees. However, political prisoners began to appear: peasants from the surrounding Maramureș（英语：Maramureș） region who refused to hand over food quotas to the state, and local youth who had been active in the Iron Guardist Frățiile de Cruce associations.[3] From the latter category, among the earliest arrivals were eighteen pupils from Dragoș Vodă High School（英语：Dragoș Vodă National College (Sighetu Marmației)）, accused of demonstrating against the new communist regime; they were incarcerated in August 1948 and kept until May 1949,[4] after which they were tried in Cluj and sent to prisons in Pitești, Gherla（英语：Gherla Prison）, and Târgșor（英语：Târgșor Prison）, or to the Danube–Black Sea Canal.[5]

Elite extermination

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On the night of May 5/6, 1950, a Securitate secret police operation led to the arrest of some 80 high-ranking politicians from the 1918–1945 period, largely from the National Peasants' Party（英语：National Peasants' Party） and the National Liberal Party（英语：National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)）. The operation involved 228 agents acting in 38 teams of six. After a brief stay at the Interior Ministry in Bucharest, they were taken to Sighet in vans, arriving on May 7. It is believed that the prison was chosen for its geographic isolation and proximity to the Soviet Union; in the event of an anti-communist revolt, the prisoners could be whisked across the border. Another advantage was its division into cells, facilitating isolation. On May 26, the group of Romanian Greek-Catholic（英语：Romanian Greek-Catholic） bishops and priests arrested in October 1948, previously held at Dragoslavele and Căldărușani Monastery（英语：Căldărușani Monastery）, arrived. In August 1951, they were joined from Galați（英语：Galați Prison） by the prisoners sentenced at the Maniu–Mihalache（英语：Ion Mihalache） trial. Other imprisoned politicians and Greek-Catholic clerics arrived until 1952; detainees at Sighet numbered 89 by that August. Only the Maniu–Mihalache prisoners were at Sighet following a public trial, held in November 1947. The rest were there on orders from the Interior Ministry or the Securitate; no charges were filed, and their status was that of temporary pre-trial arrest.[6] At least 53 detainees died at Sighet between 1950 and 1955. They were buried at night by common criminals in the city cemetery or on the hospital grounds in graves that remain anonymous. The deaths were recorded in a report signed by the doctor and warden; no death certificates were issued.[7] Coffins were used in 1950–1951, then stopped being used due to a lack of wood. Interior Ministry officials gave orders that strict secrecy be preserved as to the individual gravesites. Death certificates were finally issued in 1957 and placed in the detainees’ personal files. They were not sent to the families, who were notified on a case-by-case basis.[8]

Prisoners were awakened at five in the morning and had to be in their cells at eight in the evening. Lights were turned off at night in multi-prisoner cells but left on in single cells, in order to enhance surveillance.[9] The prisoners were under constant watch, each cell visited every ten minutes, day and night; guards wore noiseless shoes so their approach would not be heard. Inspections were carried out at least three times a month, generally towards midnight. Prisoners would be rousted from bed with insults and blows, the entire guard corps carrying out a minute search. Prisoners performed menial tasks: peeling potatoes, washing clothes, chopping wood, sweeping. Some of these, such as washing apples or cleaning bathrooms, were done for their humiliation and for the guards’ amusement.[10]

Once or twice a week, a prisoner was allowed a ten-minute walk in one of the two courtyards. Hands behind his back and head down, so as not to be recognized by other inmates, any violation was punished by solitary confinement. The cell used for this purpose had no windows or light, and rations were reduced by half. The cold, hungry prisoner, if not chained, had to stand all day. Prisoners not in solitary also spent most of the day in their cells, the door locked, forbidden from looking out the window. When taken out in the morning, they remained silent, not allowed to know their neighbors. Memoirists agree that the greatest torture at Sighet was hunger, which began to grip them days after arrival. Rations never exceeded 1,300 calories per day, sometimes falling below 700. This extermination regime often gave rise to serious illnesses. Food included bread, boiled corn flour, beans, cabbage with occasional bits of meat and, for most of the first three years as a main meal, pearl barley. In the summer of 1953, the food began to improve as milk and more meat appeared. However, the warden and guards habitually stole these two items, as well as sour cream, smoked bones and vegetables. A report noted that the warden would daily bring home three or four buckets full of food for his pigs.[9][11] The warden was lieutenant Vasile Ciolpan, who held the position from May 1, 1950 until August 31, 1955, when he was dismissed for cause.[11][12][13]

When the detainees arrived in May 1950, the prison was in poor condition; repairs lasted until the following spring. Cold was a problem the first winter: the stoves did not burn properly, and the warden stole, both for making furniture and for burning in his own house. The cells stopped being heated at all from March 1954. Medical care was practically absent. Weekly doctor’s visits were perfunctory, perhaps resulting in the distribution of a few aspirins. Terminally ill inmates were isolated on the ground floor, left to die alone. The most common diseases were rapid weight loss, ulcers and liver, heart, kidney problems. They were caused by malnutrition and old age. The conditions also caused mental illnesses such as psychosis, delirium and insomnia. Isolation was severe. Besides the warden and his superiors, no one knew the detainees’ whereabouts. The only news came from new arrivals or pilfering guards’ newspapers. No correspondence was permitted. Circulation was restricted on the streets around the prison: from some distance away, signs warned people away, and the sidewalk was patrolled by armed guards.[9]

Aftermath

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In July 1955, the political prisoners were moved out of Sighet. Some were freed and allowed to return to their families, although to other homes, since their property had been confiscated. Others were forced to live on the Bărăgan Plain（英语：Bărăgan Plain）. A third category, numbering around 60, were sent to other prisons, especially Râmnicu Sărat（英语：Râmnicu Sărat Prison）. A new set of prisoners arrived from Făgăraș, Galați（英语：Galați Prison） and Suceava（英语：Suceava Prison）. These were common criminals sentenced to life imprisonment, henceforth its main occupants. Their recalcitrant behavior, including an uprising and a joint escape by five, caused problems for the rest of the year. Occasionally, political prisoners, not part of the former elite, were held at Sighet for very short periods. The prison was closed in August 1977.[14] The building was turned into a depot run by the town hall, and slowly fell into disrepair.[4]

In the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989, that saw the dismantlement of the communist regime, poet Ana Blandiana presented in January 1993 to the Council of Europe a project to transform the former prison into a museum, called the "Memorial to the Victims of Communism and Resistance." On June 20, 1997, the first halls were opened and a prayer and silence space was inaugurated in the small prison courtyard, meant as a tribute to all political prisoners who died in detention in Communist Romania. The larger courtyard features the statuary group called "Sacrifice Parade," made by the sculptor Aurel Vlad​（罗马尼亚语）.[4]

Inmates

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Died

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Paupers Cemetery in Sighetu Marmației, where many of the inmates who died in custody were buried

Survived

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  • Former inmates
    Former inmates
  • The cell in which Iuliu Maniu died
    The cell in which Iuliu Maniu died
  • Names of the victims written on the walls
    Names of the victims written on the walls
  • The statuary group "Procession of the Sacrificed", made by Aurel Vlad
    The statuary group "Procession of the Sacrificed", made by Aurel Vlad
  • Memorial Wall at the Museum of Arrested Thought
    Memorial Wall at the Museum of Arrested Thought

Notes

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  1. ^ The Sighet Memorial to the Victims of Communism. 
  2. ^ Muraru, pp. 459-60
  3. ^ Muraru, p. 461
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Scurt istoric al Închisorii de la Sighet. bbc.co.uk. BBC Romanian（英语：BBC Romanian）. 18 April 2007 [13 October 2020] （罗马尼亚语）. 
  5. ^ Întâlnire istorică: "Lotul Vișovan", primii deținuți politici din Maramureș s-au întors la Închisoarea Sighet. Gazeta de Maramureș. September 8, 2017 [January 25, 2023].  已忽略未知参数|lang=（建议使用|language=） (帮助); 参数|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (帮助)
  6. ^ Muraru, pp. 461-63
  7. ^ Muraru, pp. 467-68
  8. ^ Muraru, pp. 473-74
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Muraru, pp. 464-67
  10. ^ Muraru, p. 464
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Dobeș, Andrea. Profilul unui comandant de penitenciar: Vasile Ciolpan. www.sighet-online.ro. October 10, 2011 [April 7, 2024].  已忽略未知参数|lang=（建议使用|language=） (帮助)
  12. ^ Teremtuș, Nicolae. A murit un torționar!. HotNews（英语：HotNews）. May 20, 2004 [April 7, 2024].  已忽略未知参数|lang=（建议使用|language=） (帮助)
  13. ^ Vasile Ciolpan, comandantul cu trei clase primare. TVR. July 19, 2016 [April 7, 2024].  已忽略未知参数|lang=（建议使用|language=） (帮助)
  14. ^ Muraru, pp. 469-70
  15. ^ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 15.37 15.38 15.39 15.40 15.41 15.42 15.43 15.44 15.45 15.46 Muraru, pp. 468-69
  16. ^ Ionițoiu, Cicerone, Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar, Bucharest: Editura Mațina de scris, 2000 [July 10, 2024], ISBN 973-99994-2-5 （罗马尼亚语） 
  17. ^ Lăcătuș, Daniel. Sandu, Ion (n. 1889 – d. 1955). infocultural.eu. February 19, 2023 [October 30, 2023].  已忽略未知参数|lang=（建议使用|language=） (帮助)
  18. ^ Temnița comunistă, ultimul domiciliu al multor eroi români ai celui de-al doilea război mondial. Gândacul de Colorado. May 19, 2011 [September 1, 2024] （罗马尼亚语）. 

References

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维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：August.C/西蓋特監獄 Template:Communist Romania prisons

Category:1897 establishments in Romania（英语：Category:1897 establishments in Romania） Category:Defunct prisons in Romania（英语：Category:Defunct prisons in Romania） Prison（英语：Category:Sighetu Marmației） Category:Buildings and structures in Maramureș County（英语：Category:Buildings and structures in Maramureș County） Category:Political repression in Romania（英语：Category:Political repression in Romania） Category:19th-century architecture in Romania（英语：Category:19th-century architecture in Romania）

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