User:菜國人/Hygge


Hygge ( /ˈh(j)uːɡə/;丹麥語:[ˈhykə] ;挪威語:[ˈhŷɡːə] ) 是丹麦语和挪威语中的一個詞,描述一種因由舒適與親密氛圍所產生的溫馨與滿足感。作為一種文化概念,並附帶一系列相關實踐,hygge在丹麥及挪威的意義大致相同,並與一系列相關的生活方式與習慣相聯繫。;[1]然而,將hygge視為丹麦文化核心部分的觀點屬於20世紀晚期才出現的現象。進入21世紀後,hygge這一概念也在國際間逐漸受到關注。
詞源
[编辑]根據普遍認知,hygge源自丹麥語,意為「勇敢、舒適、喜悅」[2]該詞的語源可追溯至古諾斯語的hyggja,意指「思考」[2],而進一步源自古諾斯語的「hugr」,後來演變為hug,意思為「靈魂、思維、意識」[3]。
然而,也有學者推測hygge可能源自 16 世紀的英語單詞hugge(擁抱),該詞的確切來源不明,但與古北歐語hygga(安慰)關聯密切,該詞和hugr(情緒)是同源詞。此外,hugr與古英語 hycgan(思考)及日耳曼語系的hugyan同源,與古北歐語hyggja皆有「思考、考量」的含義。[4]
Hygge最早出現在19世紀的丹麥文獻中,隨後發展成如今丹麥與挪威社會中的文化概念[5]雖然hygge在丹麥語與挪威語中的意思完全相同,並且在兩國的日常語言中廣泛使用(包括衍生詞 hyggelig,意為「舒適的、愉快的」),但丹麥人特別強調hygge作為其文化認同的一部分,而在挪威,hygge 只是一個普通詞彙,類似於英語的「cosy」(舒適)。
用法
[编辑]在丹麥語與挪威語中,hygge代表「一種日常的親密感」,指的是一種愉悅且極受重視的日常體驗,包含安全感、平等感、個人完整性,以及自然流暢的社交互動[6]。
作為名詞,hygge指的是某種美好、舒適、安全且熟悉的狀態,關聯著一種心理上的平靜感[2]。哥本哈根的幸福研究所(英語:Happiness Research Institute)曾研究hygge 對丹麥社會的正面影響。[4]
柯林斯英語詞典將hygge定義為:「源自丹麥的一種概念,透過營造舒適與溫馨的氛圍來促進幸福感」。[7]
在《Cultural Semantics and Social Cognition: A Case Study on Danish Universe of Meaning》(直譯:文化語義與社會認知:丹麥語意宇宙的案例研究)一書中,學者指出將hygge翻譯成英語極為困難,導致不同的翻譯產生不同的詮釋[8]。
影響
[编辑]丹麥
[编辑]對丹麥人而言,hygge不僅是一種生活方式,更展現出舒適、簡約與專注當下的精神;[4]研究者 Smoyer 與 Miking 將其定義為一種「修復性實踐」,並強調丹麥人對此堅定的投入;[9]《我們最快樂: Hygge, 向全世界最幸福的丹麥人學過生活》(英語:The Little Book of Hygge)的作者Meik Wiking提出了Hygge宣言,將hygge量化為十項理想:氛圍、當下、愉悅、平等、感恩、舒適、共處、和諧、休戰與庇護;[10]他認為這十項理想是實現幸福生活的重要品質;[4]
許多丹麥傳統皆受hygge文化影響。[4]例如,丹麥人在冬季常從零開始製作家常料理,如蛋糕或肉丸;[11]此外,hygge亦啟發了丹麥全年皆宜的室內設計;[11]派、耶魯節、毛衣、熱可可和湯都是秋季和冬季的節慶傳統,使得秋季和冬季看似唯一適合體驗hygge的時段,但實際上,hygge 的時刻全年皆有,夏季也不例外。被視為 hygge 的夏日戶外活動包括野餐、燒烤、音樂會、街市以及騎自行車;[12]在 Lindsey Robert 的文章《夏日酷熱中也能獲得 hygge 感覺的6種方法》(英語:6 Ways to get that Hygge feeling, even in the Summer Swelter)中,她建議:為家具賦予第二生命、在室內添置植物、整理空間、交替使用紡織品、挑選具有特色的裝飾品,以及規劃戶外空間。[11]
hygge甚至影響到丹麥的監獄。[9]hygge甚至影響到丹麥的監獄。在《hygge:丹麥女囚的飲食與安全感建構》(英語:Hygge: Food and the Construction of Safety among Incarcerated Women in Denmark)中,研究者Smoyer與Minke採訪了在押女性,發現她們被允許穿著自己的服裝,並盡力將牢房打造成簡約而舒適的空間。研究結果顯示,hygge 對這些女性具有正面效益。[9]
根據研究顯示,許多丹麥人會玩電子遊戲(例如,96% 的13至19歲丹麥男性每天都玩遊戲)[13],因此Hygge對丹麥電子遊戲產業產生深遠影響並不令人驚訝。[14]丹麥電子遊戲玩家積極追求並維護一種社群感,藉此在共享的線上空間中達成hygge,調節玩家對他人的行為甚至遊戲中的成就,以維持和諧。[14]在丹麥針對年輕電子遊戲玩家所進行的多項研究顯示,遊戲與社交技能和學業成就的提升有關,這在很大程度上得益於文化上傾向於hygge[15][16][17]
國際
[编辑]hygge概念已被丹麥以外的國家所採用。[10]例如,在一篇名為《家和hygge》(英語:Home with Hygge)的文章中,Broyles 指出,美國人常夢想著更大更多的事物,但根據《世界幸福報告》,美國在國民幸福感排名中僅列第十八,而丹麥人則常居前三。[18]也有人開始將 Hygge 宣言融入日常生活,以期達到生活簡化。
丹麥、丹麥人,以及丹麥企業與組織,均被視為運用「hygge」作為軟實力工具,以實現地緣政治目標。[19]例如,丹麥的綠色企業藉由 hygge 吸引外來優秀人才[20]丹麥酒業巨擘嘉士伯在行銷活動中強調啤酒消費與體育娛樂間的友愛關係。[21]以及哥本哈根大學明確指出,hygge所帶來的舒適感是吸引國際學生的重要原因之一。[22]
可以說,hygge是丹麥對一個更廣泛的傳統斯堪的納維亞乃至北歐情感社會文化綜合體的詮釋,該綜合體深植於該區域的歷史與地理。[23]有觀點指出,hygge不僅源於丹麥語,同時也源於挪威語。許多作者認為,hygge的詞源可追溯至18世紀的挪威語,其涵蓋火、安定、安全、社群或家庭紐帶、舒適與快樂、井然有序、寧靜等多種概念。[24]更具體而言,hygge的根源在於古北歐語,與火有關,其熱與光為家庭提供了免受外界危險的保護。[25]
透過觀察北歐(斯堪的納維亞)的自然地理與歷史發展——在黑暗、寒冷、多雨的冬季、偶爾貧瘠的農業環境,以及長期離家從事貿易與漁業、面對常在凜冽海域中的生活——便可理解該地區居民如何渴望並形塑出這樣的社會狀態。例如,瑞典擁有類似的文化概念 Lagom,意指「不多不少」,展現與 hygge 中「少即是多」相似的價值觀[26]瑞典亦有類似挪威的「Mys」或「Mysigt」,以及概念相近的「Koselig」,均常用來形容一種溫馨(粗略對應英文 cosy)、溫暖與舒適的感受,代表與社群和家人共享的美好時光、享用樸實且令人慰藉的美食,以及與自然的連結[27][28][29][30]冰島則有一個概念稱為 「þetta reddast」,可理解為「一切都會好起來」,這一表達因該國嚴酷、荒涼且寒冷的環境而融入日常語言[31]芬蘭(儘管其文化與斯堪的納維亞國家有所區別)也有一個類似概念,稱為 sisu,被認為是芬蘭人的國民性格。,被認為是芬蘭人的國民性格。sisu被視為比hygge更為「原始」,集合了勇氣、毅力、面對逆境的堅持與韌性等特質,但這種堅韌亦與類似hygge的舒適感相輔相成,特別體現在桑拿文化、與自然合一,以及光與熱等方面。[32][33]
療癒效益
[编辑]有許多活動被發現可以幫助減少敵意和焦慮感,同時促進人際之間的連結。[34]這些具有「hygge」特質的活動,由幸福研究所(The Happiness Institute)倡導,已知能夠透過催產素的釋放帶來愛、溫暖與安全感。[35][36]參與hygge的實踐可能有助於整體幸福感的提升。一些擁抱這種生活方式的人,甚至將其作為整體健康照護的一部分。[34]
這些活動包括:透過蠟燭與燈光來營造環境氛圍、欣賞大自然、透過泡澡、按摩、舒適的毛毯來促進放鬆與平靜、透過寫日記培養正念、以及透過冥想或祈禱來提升心靈成長。
流行文化
[编辑]Collins English Dictionary named hygge the runner-up (after Brexit) as word of the year in the UK in 2016.[7] This followed a period during which several books focusing on hygge had been marketed in the UK,[37] such as Meik Wiking's The Little Book of Hygge,[38] Marie Tourell Søderberg's Hygge: The Danish Art of Happiness,[39] and Louisa Thomsen Brits's The Book of Hygge: The Danish Art of Living Well.[40]
《柯林斯英語字典》在2016年將 hygge 定為英國年度次佳詞彙(僅次於 Brexit);[7] 此前,英國市場上已有多本聚焦於 hygge 的書籍推廣,例如 Meik Wiking 的《小小 hygge 手冊》、Marie Tourell Søderberg 的《hygge:丹麥的快樂藝術》,以及 Louisa Thomsen Brits 的《hygge 之書:丹麥的美好生活藝術》;[37][38][39][40]
The concept of hygge gained popularity with an international audience in late 2017, resulting in an increase of online searches and the rise of the hashtag "#Hygge" on Instagram.[41]
hygge 概念於2017年底開始受到國際關注,隨之引發線上搜尋量激增,Instagram 上的 #Hygge 標籤也隨之流行;[41]
In Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, there is a Hygge & Happiness walking tour.[42]
在丹麥首都哥本哈根,設有一條名為「Hygge 與幸福」的步行導覽路線;[42]
Act II of the Broadway musical Frozen opens with the song "Hygge", which is all about being comfortable, happy, and together.
百老匯音樂劇《冰雪奇緣》第二幕以歌曲「Hygge」展開,歌詞圍繞著舒適、快樂與共處;
In the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Jemima Davies-Smythe incorporates hygge into a redesign of her half-brother Karl Kennedy's living room.[43]
在澳洲肥皂劇《鄰居》中,Jemima Davies-Smythe 將 hygge 融入對其同父異母兄弟 Karl Kennedy 客廳的重新設計;
In the 2019 book by Sally Goldenbaum, A Murderous Tangle (Seaside Knitter's Society Book 3), pg 26, the character Nell sees a poster and says the phrase out loud: "SEASIDE KNITTING STUDIO'S FIRST HOLIDAY HYGGE." The meaning and the format of their hygge is discussed in the poster and amongst the friends who meet regularly on Thursday nights for food, conversation, warmth, and knitting at the studio. Chapter 9 has descriptions of the first hygge event which went well despite the "cold and damp day... and news of a murder", p87.
在 Sally Goldenbaum 2019年的著作《謀殺糾葛》(《海邊針織社會》第3冊,第26頁)中,角色 Nell 看到一張海報,大聲說出:「海邊針織工作室的第一個節日 hygge」。海報中以及定期於星期四晚聚會的朋友們間,都討論著這個 hygge 的意涵與形式;(詳見第9章,描述首次 hygge 活動在「寒冷潮濕的日子……以及謀殺案消息」下仍順利進行的情形,第87頁)
A UK housing development in the town of Keynsham, Somerset, was named "Hygge Park" by developer Crest Nicholson in 2019.[44]
2019年,英國薩默塞特郡 Keynsham 小鎮的一處住宅開發案被開發商 Crest Nicholson 命名為「Hygge Park」;[44]
Swedish-owned ferry company Stena Line offers a series of premium relaxation lounges on its Irish Sea ferry services called "Hygge Lounges".[45] In November 2020, The Hygge Suite brand of vacation rentals opened in Giants Ridge, Minnesota; and later two more in Lutsen, Minnesota, aimed at getting people away from the cities to relax and unwind with their loved ones.[46] In September 2022, Hotel Hygge opened in Buellton, California.[47]
瑞典擁有的渡輪公司 Stena Line 在其愛爾蘭海渡輪服務中,設有一系列名為「Hygge Lounges」的高級休閒室;[45] 2020年11月,位於明尼蘇達州 Giants Ridge 的 The Hygge Suite 休假租賃品牌啟用,隨後在明尼蘇達州 Lutsen 又陸續開設了兩家,旨在讓人們遠離都市,與摯愛共享放鬆時光;[46] 2022年9月,加州 Buellton 的 Hotel Hygge 正式開幕;[47]
The second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom Motherland, "Soft Opening", saw Amanda open a concept store called "Hygge Tygge" which, unbeknown to her, means "cosy chewing" in Danish.[48]
BBC 情景喜劇《Motherland》第二季第二集「Soft Opening」中,Amanda 開設了一家概念店,命名為「Hygge Tygge」,而她未曾察覺該名稱在丹麥語中意指「舒適咀嚼」;[48]
The Ghost and Molly McGee episode "Ready, Set, Snow" sees Molly trying to get the most out of a snow day while her family and Libby stay inside to experience hygge.[49]
在《The Ghost and Molly McGee》的一集中,標題為「Ready, Set, Snow」的劇情中,Molly 試圖在雪天充分利用時間,而她的家人及 Libby 則留在室內體驗 hygge;[49]
類似詞彙
[编辑]- In Dutch, gezelligheid similarly pertains comfort and coziness, but this term is social oriented rather than place (being in good company anywhere)
- In German, Gemütlichkeit means the state of warmth, friendliness and belonging.
- The Japanese adjective/verb まったり (mattari) suggests a feeling of calm relaxation.[50]
- The Norwegian adjective koselig is used to describe a feeling of warmth, intimacy and getting together in an agreeable environment.
- The Swedish adjective mysig (and its associated noun mys) describes a pleasant and warm atmosphere of togetherness in a pleasant setting.
- In Yiddish, the adjective היימיש (heimish) conveys the sense of "familiar, homey, informal, cozy, warm".
- In Swedish, lagom means "not too much, not too little"; it embodies similar values to Hygge's "less is more" attitude
- In Costa Rica, the Spanish phrase pura vida (literally "pure life") carries a similar connotation of a carefree, laid back and optimistic national spirit.
參見
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]- ^ Gullestad, Marianne. https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2015102906007;page=248
|chapterurl=
缺少标题 (帮助). Home Decoration as Popular Culture. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. 1992: 235. ISBN 8200216527 (英语). - ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Falk, Hjalmar; Torp, Alf. Hygge. Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog. Kristiania: Aschehoug. 1903: 315 (挪威语).
- ^ Falk, Hjalmar; Torp, Alf. Hu. Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog. Kristiania: Aschehoug. 1903: 303 (挪威语).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Wiking, Meik. The Little Book of Hygge: The Danish Way to Live Well. National Geographic Books. September 2016. ISBN 9780241283912. OCLC 958463988.
- ^ Parkinson, Justin. Hygge: A heart-warming lesson from Denmark. BBC News. 2015-10-02 [2017-05-25]. (原始内容存档于30 May 2023) (英国英语).
- ^ Linnet, Jeppe Trolle. Interweavings – A cultural phenomenology of everyday consumption and social atmosphere within Danish middle-class families (PDF). 2010 [2016-10-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-09-23).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Top 10 Collins Word of the Year 2016. Collins English Dictionary. 2016-11-03 [2016-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-09).
- ^ Levisen, Carsten (2012-11-14). Cultural Semantics and Social Cognition: A Case Study on the Danish Universe of Meaning. DE GRUYTER. doi:10.1515/9783110294651. ISBN 978-3-11-029460-6
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Smoyer, Amy B.; Minke, Linda Kjær. Hygge: Food and the construction of safety among incarcerated women in Denmark. Appetite (Elsevier BV). 2019, 141: 104319. ISSN 0195-6663. PMID 31199940. S2CID 184483448. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104319.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Broyles, Addie. "HOME with HYGGE: Why Americans are Obsessed with Hygge and what we can Learn from Lagom." Austin American Statesman, 2018, ProQuest Central.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Roberts, Lindsey M. (July 14, 2020). "6 ways to get that hygge feeling, even in the summer swelter." The Washington Post. ProQuest Central. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ What is 'Hygge'?. VisitDenmark. [2021-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-10) (英语).
- ^ Hamilton, Ben. A nation of gamers: half of all Danish teenage boys indulge ever day. cphpost.dk. The Copenhagen Post. 16 January 2018 [23 November 2024].
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Ahmad Beltagui, Thomas Schmidt. Why Can't We All Get Along? A Study of Hygge and Janteloven in a Danish Social-Casual Games Community. Games and Culture. May 2015, 12 (5): 403–425. doi:10.1177/1555412015590062.
- ^ Markussen, Thomas; Knutz, Eva. Playful participation in social games (PDF). Conjunctions. 2017, 4 (1) [2024-11-23]. doi:10.7146/tjcp.v4i1.97728.
- ^ Hanghøj; et al. Can cooperative video games encourage social and motivational inclusion of at-risk students?. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2018, 49 (4): 775–799. doi:10.1111/bjet.12642.
- ^ Thomasen, Tobias. Scandinavian studies: young gamers are better students, more social. nordicstartupnews.com. Nordic Startup News. 2016-03-15 [2024-11-23] (英语).
- ^ McDonough, Megan. Americans are obsessed with hygge. Washington Post. 2018-2-19 (英语).
- ^ Howell and Sundberg. Towards an Affective Geopolitics: Soft Power and the Danish Notion of "Hygge". Environment, Space, Place. Fall 2015, 7 (2): 97–120 [2024-02-23]. doi:10.5840/esplace20157213.
- ^ Lønborg, Claus. Copenhagen's green ambitions continue to attract investment. World Finance. [2024-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-27).
- ^ Carlsberg's marketing: Gamification as a vital part. Playable. [2024-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-27).
- ^ Living in Copenhagen. studies.ku.dk. University of Copenhagen. 2020-10-21 [2024-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-23) (英语).
- ^ Howell and Sundberg. Towards an Affective Geopolitics: Soft Power and the Danish Notion of "Hygge". Environment, Space, Place. Fall 2015, 7 (2): 97–120 [23 February 2024]. doi:10.5840/esplace20157213. (原始内容存档于23 February 2024).
- ^ Linnet, Jeppe Trolle. Money Can't Buy Me Hygge: Danish Middle-Class Consumption, Egalitarianism, and the Sanctity of Inner Space. Social Analysis; Oxford. Summer 2011, 55 (2): 21–44 [2024-08-08]. doi:10.3167/sa.2011.550202. (原始内容存档于2022-08-22).
- ^ Beltagui and Schmidt. Why Can't We All Get Along? A Study of Hygge and Janteloven in a Danish Social-Casual Games Community. Games and Culture. 2015, 12 (5): 403–425. doi:10.1177/1555412015590062.
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外部連結
[编辑][[Category:精神状态]] [[Category:社會學術語]] [[Category:挪威文化]] [[Category:丹麥文化]] [[Category:情緒]] [[Category:幸福]] [[Category:感觉]]