跳转到内容

T矮星

维基百科，自由的百科全书

T矮星或甲烷棕矮星是光譜類型為「T」的天體[1]，這些天體可能是棕矮星[2] 或年輕的自由漂流行星質量天體[3]。一顆直接成像的年輕系外行星也可能是T矮星[4]。T矮星比L矮星冷[1]，但是比Y矮星溫暖[5]。

原型：格利澤229B

[编辑]
主条目：格利澤229
哈伯的格利澤229B的影像。

第一顆被發現的T矮星是1995年發現的格利澤229B[6]。該天體的溫度低於1000K，光譜中顯示甲烷（CH4）、水蒸氣（H2O）和一氧化碳（CO）。 在高層大氣中，CO轉化為CH4和H2O，而在較熱的低層大氣中則相反[7][8][9]。它還顯示出銫（Cs）的吸收，但缺少M-矮星（一氫化鈣（英语：Calcium monohydride）、FeH，TiO和VO中常見的吸收特徵[10]。氨（NH3）被納入光譜分析[11]。鈉（Na）和鉀（K）也在這顆T矮星中被檢測到[12]。後來的研究發現，格利澤229B的動態質量為70±5MJ，遠高於冷卻模型所建議的質量[2]。光譜類型有些模糊。這是因為它在1.3和1.6μm處顯示出强烈的CH4吸收，表明為T7型，但在1.1、1.4、1.9和2.2μm處表現出較弱的CH4和H2O特徵，表明為T5-T6型[13]。人們還懷疑格利澤229B是一個雙星，這可以解釋它的高質量和不尋常的光譜[14]。2024年，甚大望遠鏡上的儀器證實了這種雙星性，該儀器解析了這對雙星，並將它們的軌道限制在約16個地月距離的緊密半長軸上，軌道週期約為12.1天。格利澤229Ba的質量約為38MJ，格利澤229Bb的質量約34MJ[15]。

T型光譜

[编辑]
中晚期T矮星的光譜，顯示甲烷、水蒸氣、CIA氫和鉀的吸收。

光譜類型「T」於1999年首次提出，格利澤229B是當時唯一的代表[1]。接下來是格利澤570D的發現[16]，SDSS 1624+00（第一顆場T矮星）[17]和SDSS 1346-00（第二顆場T矮星）[18]。然而，這些是中晚期的T矮星，第一批早期的T矮星（SDSS 0837、SDSS 1254和SDSS 1021）是在2000年史隆數位巡天的數據中發現的。這些天體顯示出比以前發現的T矮星更弱的CH4吸收[19]。CH4首先出現在L8矮星的K波段中，而L矮星和T矮星的區別在於CH4出現在T矮星的H波段。從T0到T8，T矮星對H2O和CH4的吸收逐漸增加。中性Na和K特徵在L-和T-矮星中變寬，隨著光譜類型的增加，L/T-矮星的Na特徵深度也增加[20]。 最冷的T矮星之一是由UKIDSS發現的，名為UGPS 0722-05[21][22]。研究人員使用WISE發現了其他晚期T矮星和新發現的Y矮星天體。在UGPS 0722-05的説明下，T矮星和Y矮星之間的躍遷被定義為T9的標準和WISE 1738+2732作為Y0的標準。晚期T矮星和早期Y矮星表現出深H2O和CH4吸收特徵，T矮星和Y矮星之間的躍遷發生在500 K附近[5][23]。另一顆重要的T矮星是盧曼16B，它是距離我們最近的T矮星。它的光譜類型為T0.5，接近L/T躍遷。它在光譜中顯示出FeH的痕迹，FeH在晚期L矮星中减弱，但在早期到中期T矮星中由於雲層的干擾而增强[24][25]。使用JWST在近紅外和中紅外波段對T矮星的觀測清楚地表明，由於NH3、CH4、H2O、CO和 CO2，T矮星具有額外的吸收特徵[26]。雙子星天文台的觀測表明，在T6矮星DENIS J081730.0−615520中首次檢測到硫化氫（H2S）和分子氫（H2）[27]。

次矮星

[编辑]
主条目：次矮星

已知具有T光譜型的次矮星是2MASSI J0937347+293142，這是第一顆T型次矮星。由於2.1μm峰值的抑制，它顯示出藍色近紅外顏色，這可能是由於氫（H2）的碰撞誘導吸收（CIA）增强引起的[28][29]。次矮星的金屬豐度較低，起初只知道一個中低金屬豐度的小樣本。2020年，公民科學項目「後院世界」發現了首批光譜類型為T的極端次矮星，分別命名為「WISEA 0414−5854」和「WISEA 1810−1010」。這些天體具有不尋常的藍色，表明來自CH4的吸收較低[30]。對WISEA 1810−1010的後續觀測表明，它在光學和紅外光譜中僅顯示出由於H2O和H2引起的吸收。CH4完全缺失，這與T矮星被定義為「甲烷矮星」形成鮮明對比，WISEA 1810−1010被稱為「水蒸氣矮星」[31]。2024年，布林加斯（英語：Burgasser）等人引入了T次矮星的分類系統，該系統允許分為輕度次矮星（d/sdT）、次矮星（sdT）和極端次矮星（esdT）。低金屬性的特徵是氫分子的强碰撞誘導吸收（CIA）、模糊的甲烷和水特徵以及弱的鉀K I吸收。這項工作還確定了三顆棕矮星，它們是恆星流的候選成員。未來與JWST、Euclid、Rubin和Roman的合作將使T次矮星的樣本新增到數千個。這項工作還確定了三顆棕矮星，它們是恆星流的候選成員[32]。JWST已經發現了第一顆遙遠的T次矮星，例如[UNCOVER-BD-1]][33]。

棕矮星

[编辑]
主条目：棕矮星

大多數T矮星是棕矮星。棕矮星的質量低於氫燃燒的最小質量（0.075 M☉或78.5 MJ）[34]。 UltracoolSheet 中目前有 920 個紅外光譜類型為T的天體[35]。 超冷基本參數表列出了紅外光譜類型為T且質量在2到 58 MJ之間的天體[36][37]。其它圍繞恆星或白矮星運行的T型棕矮星是已知的，主矮星的年齡可以幫助確定T型矮星的質量[38][39][40]。已知最古老的T矮星之一是Wolf 1130C，它大約有 100億年的歷史。[41]。

行星質量天體和系外行星

[编辑]

最早被最終確定光譜型為T的年輕孤立行星品質天體之一是SDSS J1110+0116（T5.5），它是1.2億年老的劍魚座AB移動星群成員[42]。另一個重要的發現是最近的行星質量天體之一，稱為SIMP J013656.5+093347（T2.5，12.7 ±1.0MJ），它是2億年老的船底座鄰近移動星群（英语：Carina-Near moving group）的一部分[3]。這個天體也是變星，週期為2.4小時，可能是由於雲層造成的[43]。它還呈現了極光導致的電波發射[44]。其它年輕的T矮星候選者是從其他年輕星協中得知的，與場T矮星相比，這些天體呈現出紅色[45]。年輕的直接成像系外行星和行星質量伴星呈現T光譜類型，例如波江座51 b（ T4.5-T6）[4]。

雲和可變性

[编辑]
早期的雲模型（SIMP J0136+09，2MASS J2139+02）和晚期的T矮星（2MASS J0050–3322）。

兩個變化最大的棕矮星是T矮星盧曼16B，其變化高達20%[46]和2MASS J2139+02，其變化幅度高達26%[47]。T矮星，尤其是年輕的早期型T矮星通常是變星。這種變化與雲的存在有關，但也提出了其它解釋，例如熱點和極光[48]。這些早期的T矮星被認為有一個鐵雲層和一個斑駁的矽酸鹽雲層。矽酸鹽雲被認為在 L/T過渡附近消散，導致形成斑駁的矽酸鹽雲層和晚期L矮星和早期T矮星的高振幅變化[49]。 雲的中斷使更深的雲層可被用於觀測；這些較深的層更溫暖並含有FeH。這解釋了FeH的重新出現和增強，以及早期到中期T矮星的藍色近紅外顏色[25]。晚期T矮星也應該有由鉻、氯化鉀和不同的 硫化物組成的雲層。這些雲層很薄，並且存在於矽酸鹽雲的上方[49]。一顆可變的晚T矮星是WISE 0458+6434（T8.5），在一個週期內變化了13%[50]。

磁場和極光

[编辑]

在電波發射中探測到的第一顆T矮星是2MASS J1047+21（T6.5），它是用阿雷西博電波望遠鏡發現的[51]。從那時起，其它幾顆具有無線電發射的T矮星被發現，包括行星質量天體SIMP J013656.5+093347（T2.5）[44]，以及在電波發射的説明下發現的T矮星BDR J1750+3809[52]。具有無線電發射的最冷T矮星是 WISEPA J062309.94-045624.6（T8）[53]。T矮星的電波發射類似於晚期L矮星，被認為是由極光產生的。此外H-α發射通常與L4-T8 矮星中的無線電發射有關，並被認為來自極光[54]。於 2000年發現的2Mass 1237+6526（T6.5）是一顆不尋常的強H-α發射T矮星[55]。理論上，H-α 發射、UV發射和無線電發射要麼來自冷伴星（1-2.8 R🜨；<500 K）要麼來自極光[56]。

聯星

[编辑]

晚期T矮星聯星比L型聯星少見。只有8±6%具有T5-Y0主系統的系統是聯星，並且這些系統通常有幾個天文單位（AU）的分離[57]。一顆著名的T矮星聯星是波斯七（印地安座ε）[58]。這個聯星由一顆T1和一顆T6矮星組成，它們彼此繞行，間隔為2.65 AU[59]。T矮星也存在三合星系統，2M0838+15是第一個被發現的完全分辨的T矮星三合星[60]。

相關條目

[编辑]

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Reid, I. Neill; Liebert, James; Cutri, Roc M.; Nelson, Brant; Beichman, Charles A.; Dahn, Conard C.; Monet, David G.; Gizis, John E.; Skrutskie, Michael F. Dwarfs Cooler than M: The Definition of Spectral Type L Using Discoveries from the 2 Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS). The Astrophysical Journal. 1999-07-01, 519 (2): 802–833. Bibcode:1999ApJ...519..802K. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/307414. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Brandt, Timothy D.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Brandt, G. Mirek; Michalik, Daniel. A Dynamical Mass of 70 ± 5 MJup for Gliese 229B, the First T Dwarf. The Astronomical Journal. October 2020, 160 (4): 196. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..196B. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:1910.01652 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abb45e 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Gagné, Jonathan; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Artigau, Étienne; Bouchard, Sandie; Albert, Loïc; Lafrenière, David; Doyon, René; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C. SIMP J013656.5+093347 Is Likely a Planetary-mass Object in the Carina-Near Moving Group. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017-05-01, 841 (1): L1. Bibcode:2017ApJ...841L...1G. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1705.01625 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa70e2 可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Macintosh, B.; Graham, J. R.; Barman, T.; De Rosa, R. J.; Konopacky, Q.; Marley, M. S.; Marois, C.; Nielsen, E. L.; Pueyo, L.; Rajan, A.; Rameau, J.; Saumon, D.; Wang, J. J.; Patience, J.; Ammons, M. Discovery and spectroscopy of the young jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager. Science. 2015-10-01, 350 (6256): 64–67. Bibcode:2015Sci...350...64M. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26272904. arXiv:1508.03084 可免费查阅. doi:10.1126/science.aac5891. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Mainzer, A.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Beichman, Charles A.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Prato, Lisa A.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Marley, Mark S.; Saumon, D.; Freedman, Richard S.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Astrophysical Journal. 2011-12-01, 743 (1): 50. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743...50C. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1108.4678 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/50. 
  6. ^ Nakajima, T.; Oppenheimer, B. R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Golimowski, D. A.; Matthews, K.; Durrance, S. T. Discovery of a cool brown dwarf. Nature. 1995-11-01, 378 (6556): 463–465. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..463N. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/378463a0. 
  7. ^ Oppenheimer, B. R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Matthews, K.; Nakajima, T. Infrared Spectrum of the Cool Brown Dwarf Gl 229B. Science. 1995-12-01, 270 (5241): 1478–1479. Bibcode:1995Sci...270.1478O. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 7491492. doi:10.1126/science.270.5241.1478. 
  8. ^ Geballe, T. R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Woodward, Charles E.; Sloan, G. C. The Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Brown Dwarf Gliese 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 1996-08-01, 467 (2): L101–L104. Bibcode:1996ApJ...467L.101G. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/9606056 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/310203. 
  9. ^ Oppenheimer, B. R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Matthews, K.; van Kerkwijk, M. H. The Spectrum of the Brown Dwarf Gliese 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 1998-08-01, 502 (2): 932–943. Bibcode:1998ApJ...502..932O. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/9802299 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/305928. 
  10. ^ Schultz, A. B.; Allard, F.; Clampin, M.; McGrath, M.; Bruhweiler, F. C.; Valenti, J. A.; Plait, P.; Hulbert, S.; Baum, S.; Woodgate, B. E.; Bowers, C. W.; Kimble, R. A.; Maran, S. P.; Moos, H. W.; Roesler, F. First Results from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph: Optical Spectra of Gliese 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 1998-01-01, 492 (2): L181–L184. Bibcode:1998ApJ...492L.181S. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/311103. 
  11. ^ Saumon, D.; Geballe, T. R.; Leggett, S. K.; Marley, M. S.; Freedman, R. S.; Lodders, K.; Fegley, B., Jr.; Sengupta, S. K. Molecular Abundances in the Atmosphere of the T Dwarf GL 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 2000-09-01, 541 (1): 374–389. Bibcode:2000ApJ...541..374S. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/0003353 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/309410. 
  12. ^ Calamari, Emily; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Burningham, Ben; Gonzales, Eileen; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, Daniella; Vos, Johanna M.; Gemma, Marina; Whiteford, Niall; Gaarn, Josefine. An Atmospheric Retrieval of the Brown Dwarf Gliese 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022-12-01, 940 (2): 164. Bibcode:2022ApJ...940..164C. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2210.13614 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9cc9 可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ Howe, Alex R.; McElwain, Michael W.; Mandell, Avi M. GJ 229B: Solving the Puzzle of the First Known T Dwarf with the APOLLO Retrieval Code. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022-08-01, 935 (2): 107. Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..107H. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2203.11706 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5590 可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Howe, Alex R.; Mandell, Avi M.; McElwain, Michael W. Investigating Possible Binarity for GJ 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 2023-07-01, 951 (2): L25. Bibcode:2023ApJ...951L..25H. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2306.08450 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acdd76 可免费查阅. 
  15. ^ Xuan, Jerry W.; Mérand, A.; Thompson, W.; Zhang, Y.; Lacour, S.; Blakely, D.; Mawet, D.; Oppenheimer, R.; Kammerer, J.; Batygin, K.; Sanghi, A.; Wang, J.; Ruffio, J.-B.; Liu, M. C.; Knutson, H. The cool brown dwarf Gliese 229 B is a close binary. Nature. 2024-10-16: 1–5. ISSN 1476-4687. arXiv:2410.11953 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08064-x （英语）. 
  16. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cutri, Roc M.; McCallon, Howard; Kopan, Gene; Gizis, John E.; Liebert, James; Reid, I. Neill; Brown, Michael E.; Monet, David G.; Dahn, Conard C.; Beichman, Charles A.; Skrutskie, Michael F. Discovery of a Brown Dwarf Companion to Gliese 570ABC: A 2MASS T Dwarf Significantly Cooler than Gliese 229B. The Astrophysical Journal. 2000-03-01, 531 (1): L57–L60. Bibcode:2000ApJ...531L..57B. ISSN 0004-637X. PMID 10673414. arXiv:astro-ph/0001194 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/312522. 
  17. ^ Strauss, Michael A.; Fan, Xiaohui; Gunn, James E.; Leggett, S. K.; Geballe, T. R.; Pier, Jeffrey R.; Lupton, Robert H.; Knapp, G. R.; Annis, James; Brinkmann, J.; Crocker, J. H.; Csabai, István; Fukugita, Masataka; Golimowski, David A.; Harris, Frederick H. The Discovery of a Field Methane Dwarf from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data. The Astrophysical Journal. 1999-09-01, 522 (1): L61–L64. Bibcode:1999ApJ...522L..61S. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/9905391 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/312218. 
  18. ^ Tsvetanov, Zlatan I.; Golimowski, David A.; Zheng, Wei; Geballe, T. R.; Leggett, S. K.; Ford, Holland C.; Davidsen, Arthur F.; Uomoto, Alan; Fan, Xiaohui; Knapp, G. R.; Strauss, Michael A.; Brinkmann, J.; Lamb, D. Q.; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Rechenmacher, Ron. The Discovery of a Second Field Methane Brown Dwarf from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data. The Astrophysical Journal. 2000-03-01, 531 (1): L61–L65. Bibcode:2000ApJ...531L..61T. ISSN 0004-637X. PMID 10673415. arXiv:astro-ph/0001062 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/312515. 
  19. ^ Leggett, S. K.; Geballe, T. R.; Fan, Xiaohui; Schneider, Donald P.; Gunn, James E.; Lupton, Robert H.; Knapp, G. R.; Strauss, Michael A.; McDaniel, Alex; Golimowski, David A.; Henry, Todd J.; Peng, Eric; Tsvetanov, Zlatan I.; Uomoto, Alan; Zheng, Wei. The Missing Link: Early Methane (T) Dwarfs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. 2000-06-01, 536 (1): L35–L38. Bibcode:2000ApJ...536L..35L. ISSN 0004-637X. PMID 10849414. arXiv:astro-ph/0004408 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/312728. 
  20. ^ Geballe, T. R.; Knapp, G. R.; Leggett, S. K.; Fan, X.; Golimowski, D. A.; Anderson, S.; Brinkmann, J.; Csabai, I.; Gunn, J. E.; Hawley, S. L.; Hennessy, G.; Henry, T. J.; Hill, G. J.; Hindsley, R. B.; Ivezić, Ž. Toward Spectral Classification of L and T Dwarfs: Infrared and Optical Spectroscopy and Analysis. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002-01-01, 564 (1): 466–481. Bibcode:2002ApJ...564..466G. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/0108443 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/324078. 
  21. ^ Lucas, P. W.; Tinney, C. G.; Burningham, Ben; Leggett, S. K.; Pinfield, David J.; Smart, Richard; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Marocco, Federico; Barber, Robert J.; Yurchenko, Sergei N.; Tennyson, Jonathan; Ishii, Miki; Tamura, Motohide; Day-Jones, Avril C.; Adamson, Andrew. The discovery of a very cool, very nearby brown dwarf in the Galactic plane. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2010-10-01, 408 (1): L56–L60. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408L..56L. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:1004.0317 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00927.x 可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ Bochanski, John J.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Simcoe, Robert A.; West, Andrew A. FIRE Spectroscopy of the Ultra-cool Brown Dwarf, UGPS J072227.51-054031.2: Kinematics, Rotation and Atmospheric Parameters. The Astronomical Journal. 2011-11-01, 142 (5): 169. Bibcode:2011AJ....142..169B. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:1109.2897 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/169. 
  23. ^ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Mainzer, A.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Thompson, Maggie A.; Bauer, James M.; Benford, Dominic J.; Bridge, Carrie R.; Lake, Sean E. The First Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2011-12-01, 197 (2): 19. Bibcode:2011ApJS..197...19K. ISSN 0067-0049. arXiv:1108.4677 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/19. 
  24. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Sheppard, Scott S.; Luhman, K. L. Resolved Near-infrared Spectroscopy of WISE J104915.57-531906.1AB: A Flux-reversal Binary at the L dwarf/T Dwarf Transition. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013-08-01, 772 (2): 129. Bibcode:2013ApJ...772..129B. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1303.7283 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/2/129. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Burgasser, Adam J.; Marley, Mark S.; Ackerman, Andrew S.; Saumon, Didier; Lodders, Katharina; Dahn, Conard C.; Harris, Hugh C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy. Evidence of Cloud Disruption in the L/T Dwarf Transition. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002-06-01, 571 (2): L151–L154. Bibcode:2002ApJ...571L.151B. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/0205051 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/341343. 
  26. ^ Beiler, Samuel A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Marley, Mark S.; Marocco, Federico; Smart, Richard L. Precise Bolometric Luminosities and Effective Temperatures of 23 late-T and Y dwarfs Obtained with JWST. The Astrophysical Journal. 11 Jul 2024, 973 (2): 107. Bibcode:2024ApJ...973..107B. arXiv:2407.08518 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6301 可免费查阅. 
  27. ^ Tannock, Megan E.; Metchev, Stanimir; Hood, Callie E.; Mace, Gregory N.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Morley, Caroline V.; Jaffe, Daniel T.; Lupu, Roxana. A 1.46-2.48 μm spectroscopic atlas of a T6 dwarf (1060 K) atmosphere with IGRINS: first detections of H2S and H2, and verification of H2O, CH4, and NH3 line lists. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022-08-01, 514 (3): 3160–3178. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.514.3160T. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:2206.03519 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1412 可免费查阅. 
  28. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Brown, Michael E.; Reid, I. Neill; Burrows, Adam; Liebert, James; Matthews, Keith; Gizis, John E.; Dahn, Conard C.; Monet, David G.; Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F. The Spectra of T Dwarfs. I. Near-Infrared Data and Spectral Classification. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002-01-01, 564 (1): 421–451. Bibcode:2002ApJ...564..421B. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:astro-ph/0108452 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/324033. 
  29. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Burrows, Adam; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy. Method for determining the physical properties of the coldest known brown dwarfs. The Astrophysical Journal. 2006, 639 (2): 1095–1113. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1095B. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 9291848. arXiv:astro-ph/0510707 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/499344. 
  30. ^ Schneider, Adam C.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Gerasimov, Roman; Marocco, Federico; Gagne, Jonathan; Goodman, Sam; et al. WISEA J041451.67-585456.7 and WISEA J181006.18-101000.5: The first extreme T-type subdwarfs?. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020-07-24, 898 (1): 77. Bibcode:2020ApJ...898...77S. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 220403370. arXiv:2007.03836 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9a40 可免费查阅.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  31. ^ Lodieu, N.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Martín, E. L.; Rebolo López, R.; Gauza, B. Physical properties and trigonometric distance of the peculiar dwarf WISE J181005.5−101002.3. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1 July 2022, 663: A84. Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..84L. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 249836684. arXiv:2206.13097 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243516. 
  32. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Hsu, Chih-Chun; Gerasimov, Roman; Aganze, Christian; Softich, Emma; Karpoor, Preethi; Theissen, Christopher A.; Brooks, Hunter; Bickle, Thomas P.; Gagné, Jonathan; Artigau, Étienne; Marsset, Michaël; Rothermich, Austin; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc J.; Andersen, Nikolaj Stevnbak; Beaulieu, Paul; Colin, Guillaume; Gantier, Jean Marc; Gramaize, Leopold; Hamlet, Les; Hinckley, Ken; Kabatnik, Martin; Kiwy, Frank; Martin, David W.; Massat, Diego H.; Pendrill, William; Sainio, Arttu; Schümann, Jörg; Thévenot, Melina; Walla, Jim; Wędracki, Zbigniew; the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Collaboration. New Cold Subdwarf Discoveries from Backyard Worlds and a Metallicity Classification System for T Subdwarfs. 2 Nov 2024. arXiv:2411.01378 可免费查阅 [astro-ph]. 
  33. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Bezanson, Rachel; Labbe, Ivo; Brammer, Gabriel; Cutler, Sam E.; Furtak, Lukas J.; Greene, Jenny E.; Gerasimov, Roman; Leja, Joel; Pan, Richard; Price, Sedona H.; Wang, Bingjie; Weaver, John R.; Whitaker, Katherine E.; Fujimoto, Seiji. UNCOVER: JWST Spectroscopy of Three Cold Brown Dwarfs at Kiloparsec-scale Distances. The Astrophysical Journal. 2024-02-01, 962 (2): 177. Bibcode:2024ApJ...962..177B. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2308.12107 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad206f 可免费查阅. 
  34. ^ Chabrier, Gilles; Baraffe, Isabelle; Phillips, Mark; Debras, Florian. Impact of a new H/He equation of state on the evolution of massive brown dwarfs. New determination of the hydrogen burning limit. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2023-03-01, 671: A119. Bibcode:2023A&A...671A.119C. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:2212.07153 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243832. 
  35. ^ Best, William M. J. The UltracoolSheet: Photometry, Astrometry, Spectroscopy, and Multiplicity for 4000+ Ultracool Dwarfs and Imaged Exoplanets. zenodo. February 4, 2024 [2024-09-29]. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10573247. 
  36. ^ Sanghi, Aniket; Liu, Michael C.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian; Hurt, Spencer A.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Deacon, Niall R. The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. VI. The Fundamental Properties of 1000+ Ultracool Dwarfs and Planetary-mass Objects Using Optical to Mid-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions and Comparison to BT-Settl and ATMO 2020 Model Atmospheres. The Astrophysical Journal. 2023-12-01, 959 (1): 63. Bibcode:2023ApJ...959...63S. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2309.03082 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acff66 可免费查阅. 
  37. ^ Aniket, Sanghi. Table of Ultracool Fundamental Properties. zenodo. November 8, 2023 [2024-09-28]. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10086810. 
  38. ^ Day-Jones, A. C.; Pinfield, D. J.; Ruiz, M. T.; Beaumont, H.; Burningham, B.; Gallardo, J.; Gianninas, A.; Bergeron, P.; Napiwotzki, R.; Jenkins, J. S.; Zhang, Z. H.; Murray, D. N.; Catalán, S.; Gomes, J. Discovery of a T dwarf + white dwarf binary system. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2011-01-01, 410 (2): 705–716. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..705D. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:1008.2960 可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17469.x 可免费查阅. 
  39. ^ Marocco, Federico; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Popinchalk, Mark; Gelino, Christopher R.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Caselden, Dan; Gagné, Jonathan; Aganze, Christian; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Casewell, Sarah L.; Hsu, Chih-Chun; Kiman, Rocio. Thirteen New M Dwarf + T Dwarf Pairs Identified with WISE/NEOWISE. The Astrophysical Journal. 2024-06-01, 967 (2): 147. Bibcode:2024ApJ...967..147M. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2404.14324 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3f1d 可免费查阅. 
  40. ^ Rothermich, Austin; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, Daniella; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Meisner, Aaron M.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Kuchner, Marc; Allers, Katelyn; Gagné, Jonathan; Caselden, Dan; Calamari, Emily; Popinchalk, Mark; Suárez, Genaro; Gerasimov, Roman. 89 New Ultracool Dwarf Comoving Companions Identified with the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project. The Astronomical Journal. 2024-06-01, 167 (6): 253. Bibcode:2024AJ....167..253R. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:2403.04592 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad324e 可免费查阅. 
  41. ^ Mace, Gregory N.; Mann, Andrew W.; Skiff, Brian A.; Sneden, Christopher; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Kidder, Benjamin; Gosnell, Natalie M.; Kim, Hwihyun; Mulligan, Brian W.; Prato, L.; Jaffe, Daniel. Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf. The Astrophysical Journal. 2018-02-01, 854 (2): 145. Bibcode:2018ApJ...854..145M. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1802.04803 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8dd 可免费查阅. 
  42. ^ Gagné, Jonathan; Burgasser, Adam J.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Lafreniére, David; Doyon, René; Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Bowsher, Emily; Nicholls, Christine P. SDSS J111010.01+011613.1: A New Planetary-mass T Dwarf Member of the AB Doradus Moving Group. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015-07-01, 808 (1): L20. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808L..20G. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1506.04195 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/808/1/L20. 
  43. ^ Artigau, Étienne; Bouchard, Sandie; Doyon, René; Lafrenière, David. Photometric Variability of the T2.5 Brown Dwarf SIMP J013656.5+093347: Evidence for Evolving Weather Patterns. The Astrophysical Journal. 2009-08-01, 701 (2): 1534–1539. Bibcode:2009ApJ...701.1534A. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:0906.3514 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1534. 
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Kao, Melodie M.; Hallinan, Gregg; Pineda, J. Sebastian; Stevenson, David; Burgasser, Adam. The Strongest Magnetic Fields on the Coolest Brown Dwarfs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2018-08-01, 237 (2): 25. Bibcode:2018ApJS..237...25K. ISSN 0067-0049. arXiv:1808.02485 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aac2d5 可免费查阅. 
  45. ^ Zhang, Zhoujian; Liu, Michael C.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J. The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. V. New T-dwarf Members and Candidate Members of Nearby Young Moving Groups. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021-04-01, 911 (1): 7. Bibcode:2021ApJ...911....7Z. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2102.05045 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe3fa 可免费查阅. 
  46. ^ Heinze, A. N.; Metchev, Stanimir; Kurtev, Radostin; Gillon, Michael. Weather on Other Worlds. VI. Optical Spectrophotometry of Luhman 16B Reveals Large-amplitude Variations in the Alkali Lines. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021-10-01, 920 (2): 108. Bibcode:2021ApJ...920..108H. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2107.10995 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac178b 可免费查阅. 
  47. ^ Vos, Johanna M.; Burningham, Ben; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Alejandro, Sherelyn; Gonzales, Eileen; Calamari, Emily; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Visscher, Channon; Tan, Xianyu; Morley, Caroline V.; Marley, Mark; Gemma, Marina E.; Whiteford, Niall; Gaarn, Josefine; Park, Grace. Patchy Forsterite Clouds in the Atmospheres of Two Highly Variable Exoplanet Analogs. The Astrophysical Journal. 2023-02-01, 944 (2): 138. Bibcode:2023ApJ...944..138V. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2212.07399 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acab58 可免费查阅. 
  48. ^ Vos, Johanna M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagné, Jonathan; Marley, Mark; Metchev, Stanimir; Gizis, John; Rice, Emily L.; Cruz, Kelle. Let the Great World Spin: Revealing the Stormy, Turbulent Nature of Young Giant Exoplanet Analogs with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The Astrophysical Journal. 2022-01-01, 924 (2): 68. Bibcode:2022ApJ...924...68V. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2201.04711 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4502 可免费查阅. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 Morley, Caroline V.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Marley, Mark S.; Visscher, Channon; Saumon, Didier; Leggett, S. K. Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-09-01, 756 (2): 172. Bibcode:2012ApJ...756..172M. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118398946. arXiv:1206.4313 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/172. 
  50. ^ Rajan, A.; Patience, J.; Wilson, P. A.; Bulger, J.; De Rosa, R. J.; Ward-Duong, K.; Morley, C.; Pont, F.; Windhorst, R. The brown dwarf atmosphere monitoring (BAM) project - II. Multi-epoch monitoring of extremely cool brown dwarfs. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2015-04-01, 448 (4): 3775–3783. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.448.3775R. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:1502.01346 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv181 可免费查阅. 
  51. ^ Route, M.; Wolszczan, A. The Arecibo Detection of the Coolest Radio-flaring Brown Dwarf. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-03-01, 747 (2): L22. Bibcode:2012ApJ...747L..22R. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1202.1287 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/747/2/L22. 
  52. ^ Vedantham, H. K.; Callingham, J. R.; Shimwell, T. W.; Dupuy, T.; Best, William M. J.; Liu, Michael C.; Zhang, Zhoujian; De, K.; Lamy, L.; Zarka, P.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Shulevski, A. Direct Radio Discovery of a Cold Brown Dwarf. The Astrophysical Journal. 2020-11-01, 903 (2): L33. Bibcode:2020ApJ...903L..33V. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2010.01915 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abc256 可免费查阅. 
  53. ^ Rose, Kovi; Pritchard, Joshua; Murphy, Tara; Caleb, Manisha; Dobie, Dougal; Driessen, Laura; Duchesne, Stefan W.; Kaplan, David L.; Lenc, Emil; Wang, Ziteng. Periodic Radio Emission from the T8 Dwarf WISE J062309.94-045624.6. The Astrophysical Journal. 2023-07-01, 951 (2): L43. Bibcode:2023ApJ...951L..43R. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:2306.15219 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace188 可免费查阅. 
  54. ^ Pineda, J. Sebastian; Hallinan, Gregg; Kao, Melodie M. A Panchromatic View of Brown Dwarf Aurorae. The Astrophysical Journal. 2017-09-01, 846 (1): 75. Bibcode:2017ApJ...846...75P. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1708.02942 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8596 可免费查阅. 
  55. ^ Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Reid, I. Neill; Liebert, James; Gizis, John E.; Brown, Michael E. Detection of Hα Emission in a Methane (T Type) Brown Dwarf. The Astronomical Journal. 2000-07-01, 120 (1): 473–478. Bibcode:2000AJ....120..473B. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:astro-ph/0003291 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/301423. 
  56. ^ Saur, Joachim; Willmes, Clarissa; Fischer, Christian; Wennmacher, Alexandre; Roth, Lorenz; Youngblood, Allison; Strobel, Darrell F.; Reiners, Ansgar. Brown dwarfs as ideal candidates for detecting UV aurora outside the Solar System: Hubble Space Telescope observations of 2MASS J1237+6526. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2021-11-01, 655: A75. Bibcode:2021A&A...655A..75S. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:2109.00827 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040230. 
  57. ^ Fontanive, Clémence; Biller, Beth; Bonavita, Mariangela; Allers, Katelyn. Constraining the multiplicity statistics of the coolest brown dwarfs: binary fraction continues to decrease with spectral type. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2018-09-01, 479 (2): 2702–2727. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.479.2702F. ISSN 0035-8711. arXiv:1806.08737 可免费查阅. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1682 可免费查阅. 
  58. ^ Scholz, R.-D.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Lodieu, N.; Kuhlbrodt, B. ε Indi B: A new benchmark T dwarf. Astronomy and Astrophysics. February 2003, 398 (3): L29–L33. Bibcode:2003A&A...398L..29S. S2CID 119474823. arXiv:astro-ph/0212487 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021847. 
  59. ^ McCaughrean, M. J.; Close, L. M.; Scholz, R. -D.; Lenzen, R.; Biller, B.; Brandner, W.; Hartung, M.; Lodieu, N. ɛ Indi Ba,Bb: The nearest binary brown dwarf. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2004-01-01, 413: 1029–1036. Bibcode:2004A&A...413.1029M. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:astro-ph/0309256 可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034292. 
  60. ^ Radigan, Jacqueline; Jayawardhana, Ray; Lafrenière, David; Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Scholz, Alexander. Discovery of a Visual T-dwarf Triple System and Binarity at the L/T Transition. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013-11-01, 778: 36. Bibcode:2013ApJ...778...36R. ISSN 0004-637X. arXiv:1308.5702 可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/36. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T矮星&oldid=86923679”