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草稿:欧洲象征

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此页面介紹的是泛欧洲的象征符号。关于欧洲各国纹章，请见「欧洲国徽列表（英语：Armorial of Europe）」。关于欧洲各国旗帜，请见「欧洲国旗列表（英语：Flags of Europe）」。关于欧洲联盟标识，请见「欧盟标志（英语：Symbols of the European Union）」。
一幅与奥维德同时代的庞贝城壁画，描绘欧罗巴骑在宙斯变成的公牛背上

欧洲自古以来拥有许多象征符号，其中最著名的就是神话人物欧罗巴。1950至60年代，欧洲理事会引入几种标志；1985年，欧洲共同体为自己创建附加标志；1993年，欧洲联盟继承这些标志。现在，这些欧盟标志（英语：Symbols of the European Union）代表支持欧盟政策，以及欧洲人民倡导欧洲一体化的政治立场。

欧罗巴和公牛

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主条目：欧罗巴
欧罗巴是欧洲大陆的象征符号（Nova et accurata totius Europæ descriptio by Fredericus de Wit（英语：Frederik de Wit），1700年）

古希腊时代，希罗多德将“Europa”用作地理术语，指已知世界的一大块领地；在缩小的地理范围内，是指色雷斯或伊庇鲁斯的部分地区，也出现在荷马的阿波罗赞歌。罗马时代，两位影响颇大的地理学家斯特拉波和托勒密，将其用作塔纳伊斯以西大陆的地理术语。加洛林王朝时代，“欧罗巴”首次被用作为文化术语，指拉丁基督教世界的领土。

欧罗巴（Europa）是一个女性化名字，在赫西俄德作品中是一位女神的名字。同时，在希罗多德最早讲述的传说中，她是一位被希腊人（希罗多德认为是克里特人）绑架的腓尼基贵妇的名字。奥维德的古典著作《变形记》描述，欧罗巴不是被希腊海盗绑架，而是被变身公牛的宙斯诱拐。根据记载，宙斯变身为一头温顺的白色公牛，混在欧罗巴父亲的牛群，当欧罗巴和侍女正在采花时，她看见公牛并爬上公牛背，宙斯趁机跑到海里，带着她游到克里特岛。宙斯向欧罗巴透露自己的身份，令她成为克里特岛的第一位王后，并送给她一件赫淮斯托斯制作的项链，以及另外三份礼物：塔罗斯、莱拉普斯（英语：Laelaps (mythology)）和万无一失的标枪。后来，宙斯在星空中创造白色公牛的形状，也即是群星的金牛座。

所有欧盟国家居留许可证均显示的公牛符号

欧罗巴和公牛的起源神话自希腊-罗马时代以来，一直是欧洲艺术常见的主题，也经常被提及到与欧洲大陆和现代欧盟的关系；因此，它不仅被可以被视为地名学，也可以被视为欧洲象征或化身。例如，欧罗巴和公牛的雕像位于欧盟的几个机构，以及出现在希腊的2欧元硬币；欧洲议会保罗-亨利·斯巴克大楼的圆顶上，有一幅由阿利吉·萨苏（英语：Aligi Sassu）创作的大型马赛克，描绘欧罗巴和公牛的场景，以及其他希腊神话元素。

除此之外，公牛图案也出现在所有欧盟国家新设计的居留证（西班牙语：Tarjeta de residencia europea）的左上角。[1]

欧洲女王

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主条目：欧洲女王（英语：Europa regina）
塞巴斯蒂安·明斯特尔的著作《宇宙论（英语：Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)）》中的欧洲女王

欧洲女王（拉丁語：Europa Regina）兴起于16世纪风格主义时期，是在地图绘制中将欧洲描绘成一位身着皇室礼服（英语：imperial regalia）的女王形象。[2][3] 这份地图的罗盘方位西边朝上，伊比利亚半岛是头部，戴着形似加洛林帝国环冠（英语：hoop crown）的王冠；比利牛斯山脉是颈部，法国（高卢）构成上胸部；神圣罗马帝国（日耳曼尼亚和其他领土）是躯干的中心，波希米亚（早期描绘中有时是奥地利）是女王的心脏（或腰间的一枚勋章）；她的长袍延伸至匈牙利、波兰、立陶宛、立窝尼亚、保加利亚、莫斯科、马其顿和希腊；她的手臂由意大利和丹麦组成，左手握着权杖、右手握着十字圣球（西西里岛）。[4] 大多数描绘只显现非洲、亚洲和斯堪的纳维亚半岛的边角，不列颠群岛也呈现示意图的形式。[4]

The first map to depict Europe in this manner was made by Johannes Bucius Aenicola (1516–1542) in 1537.[5][6][7] Though much about the origination and initial perception of this map is uncertain,[7] it is known that Putsch maintained close relations with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg,[7][8] and that the map's popularity increased significantly during the second half of the 16th century.[7] Europa Regina was introduced in the 1530s by the Austrian cartographer Johannes Putsch, possibly with the intent of depicting Europe as the spouse of Charles V of Habsburg, who aspired to become the universal monarch of Christendom and reigned over numerous realms including the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian lands, Burgundian territories, and the kingdom of Spain.[4][8] Arguments in favour of this hypothesis are the westward orientation of the map to have Hispania as the crowned head, said to resemble the face of Charles V's wife, Isabella of Portugal; the use of the Holy Roman Empire's insignia – its Carolingian crown, sceptre and orb – and the portrayal of Habsburg realms (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Germany) as the heart and centre of the body; the design of the gown, which resembles the contemporary dress code at the Habsburg court.[9][8][4][10] As in contemporary portraits of couples, Europa regina has her head turned to her right and also holds the orb with her right hand, which has been interpreted as facing and offering power to her imaginary husband, the emperor.[10] More general, Europe is shown as the res publica christiana（英语：res publica christiana）,[8] the united Christendom in medieval tradition,[4] and great[2] or even dominant power in the world.[10]

Another allegory is the attribution of Europe as the paradise by special placement of the water bodies.[8] As contemporary iconography depicted the paradise as a closed form, Europa regina is enclosed by seas and rivers.[8] The Danube river is depicted in a way that it resembles the course of the biblical river flowing through the paradise, with its estuary formed by four arms.[8] That Europa regina is surrounded by water is also an allusion to the mythological Europa, who was abducted by Zeus and carried over the water.[10] Europa regina belongs to the Early Modern allegory of Europa triumphans, as opposed to Europa deplorans.[11]

欧洲之父

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更多信息：查理大帝

Charlemagne (拉丁語：Carolus Magnus; King of the Franks from 768; Holy Roman Emperor c. 742 – 814), also known as Charles the Great, is considered the founder of the French and German monarchies. Known as Pater Europae («Father of Europe»),[12][13] he established an empire that represented the most expansive European unification since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and brought about a renaissance that formed a pan-European identity whilst marking the end of Late Antiquity.[12][14] There was also a contemporary intellectual and cultural revival which profoundly marked the history of Western Europe. This gave Charlemagne a legendary standing that transcended his military accomplishments.[12][15][16]

Reliquary, golden bust of Charlemagne wearing the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire in Aachen Cathedral, with the German reichsadler embossed on the metal and the French fleur-de-lis embroidered on the fabric

For many centuries, European royal houses sought to associate themselves with the Carolingian heritage. The crowns of the Holy Roman Empire and Napoleon Bonaparte were for instance both respectively named "The Crown of Charlemagne", and Charlemagne's personal sword, Joyeuse, served as a coronation sword for French kings from the 11th century onwards.[17] The cult of Charlemagne was further embellished by the French renaissance author Jean Lemaire de Belges, who postulated that the emperor was part of an illustrious translatio imperii originating with King Priam of Troy during the Trojan Wars, and thus by extension Zeus, the "Father of Gods and men" in Greek Mythology.

Today, much of the pan-European, symbolic value of Charlemagne is attributed to the fact that he is considered an embodiment of the Franco-German friendship which was absent during the long-lasting enmity which culminated in the two world wars, but has become indispensable in the process of European integration. Thus, in the 1952 design competition for the Council of Europe's flag, several of the unsuccessful proposals were redolent of the Oriflamme; the banner given to Charlemagne by Pope Leo III at his coronation in the St. Peter's Basilica in the year 800.[18][19] Similarities between Charlemagne's empire and the modern European integration were also suggested by professor Hans von Hentig the same year.[20] The European Commission is also alluding to Charlemagne by means of naming one of its central buildings in Brussels after him (The Charlemagne building（英语：Charlemagne building）). The German city of Aachen has since 1949 annually awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of European unity, including Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet and the euro itself. Each edition of the international affairs newspaper The Economist features a column called «Charlemagne's notebook», focusing on European Union affairs.[21] In his speech at the award ceremony for the 2010 Charlemagne Youth Prize（英语：European Charlemagne Youth Prize）, European Parliament President Jerzy Buzek said the following:[22]

Later monarchs who also have carried sobriquet（英语：sobriquet）s as "relatives" of Europe include Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (grandmother of Europe（英语：grandmother of Europe）), Christian IX of Denmark and Nicholas I of Montenegro (both respectively father-in-law of Europe（英语：father-in-law of Europe）). These late 19th and early 20th century sobriquets are however purely on account of the marriage of these monarchs' offspring to foreign princes and princesses, and involve no wider symbolism.

主保圣人

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The Roman Catholic Church venerates six saints as "patrons of Europe". Benedict of Nursia had been declared "Patron saint of all Europe" by Pope Paul VI in 1964.[23] Pope John Paul II named between 1980 and 1999 Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Bridget of Sweden, Catherine of Siena and Teresa Benedicta of the Cross as co-patrons.[24][25]

旗帜

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主条目：欧洲旗
Flag of Europe

A "Flag of Europe" was introduced by the Council of Europe in 1955, originally intended as a "symbol for the whole of Europe",[26] but due to its adoption by the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1985, and hence by the European Union (EU) as the successor organisation of the EEC, the flag is now strongly associated with the European Union so that it no longer serves the function of representing "Europe as a whole" at least since the early 2000s. The flag has notably been used by pro-EU protestors in the colour revolutions of the 2000s, e.g., in Belarus in 2004[27] by the pro-EU faction in the Euromaidan riots in Ukraine in 2013, and by the pro-EU faction（英语：List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum） in the Brexit campaigns of 2016.

1955年之前采用的泛欧旗帜

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更多信息：欧洲煤钢共同体旗帜（英语：Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community）和西欧联盟旗帜（英语：Flag of the Western European Union）
Federalist flag（英语：Federalist flag） displayed at the 1948 Congress of Europe（英语：Congress of Europe） in the Hall of Knights in The Hague
Western Union Standard（英语：Flag of the Western Union） displayed in 1949

Prior to development of political institutions, flags representing Europe were limited to unification movements. The most popular were the European Movement（英语：European Movement）'s large green 'E' on a white background（英语：Federalist flag）, and the "Pan European flag" of the Paneuropean Union (1922).[28]

另见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Demey, Thierry. Brussels, capital of Europe. S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. 2007: 387. ISBN 978-2-9600414-2-2. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Landwehr & Stockhorst (2004), p. 279
  3. ^ Werner (2009), p. 243
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Werner (2009), p. 244
  5. ^ Bennholdt-Thomsen (1999), p. 22
  6. ^ Borgolte (2001), p. 16
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Schmale (2004), p. 244
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Wendehorst & Westphal (2006), p. 63
  9. ^ Europeanness in Early Modern Latin Literature, Isabella Walser-Bürgler, p. 60
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Werner (2009), p. 245
  11. ^ Werner (2009), pp. 243ff
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe."
  13. ^ Der Karlspreisträger Seine Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004. Karlspreis.de. [2012-01-01]. （原始内容存档于17 January 2012）. 
  14. ^ Home – Humanities Division – UCLA. Humanities Division – UCLA. 
  15. ^ karlspreis.de. karlspreis.de. [2012-01-01]. （原始内容存档于17 January 2012）. 
  16. ^ Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, p. ???
  17. ^ Coronation sword and scabbard of the Kings of France, Decorative Arts : Early Middle Ages, Louvre
  18. ^ Proposals for European flags from Arsène Heitz (1952–1955). cvce.eu. 8 November 2011 [2013-08-06]. 
  19. ^ Proposals for European flags from Arsène Heitz (1952–1955). cvce.eu. 5 January 1952 [2013-08-06]. 
  20. ^ 'Charlemagne and coke' from the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (5 January 1952). cvce.eu. [2013-08-06]. 
  21. ^ «Must try harder». The Economist.
  22. ^ europarl.europa.eu. europarl.europa.eu. 11 May 2010 [2012-01-01]. 
  23. ^ Johan Fornäs, Signifyingo Europe (2012), p. 255f.
  24. ^ Egregiae Virtutis. [26 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于4 January 2009）.  Apostolic letter（英语：Ecclesiastical letter） of Pope John Paul II, 31 December 1980 （拉丁語）
  25. ^ Johan Fornäs, Signifyingo Europe (2012), p. 255f.
  26. ^ The European flag, Council of Europe. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  27. ^ Mite, Belarus: Scores Arrested, Opposition Leader Hospitalized After Minsk Protests, rferl.org, 20 October 2004 [5 August 2007] )
  28. ^ CVCE (编), The European flag: questions and answers, [25 June 2014] 

外部链接

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