紅狼

紅狼
保护状况
	; 極危（IUCN 3.1）
	; 瀕危（ESA）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	犬科 Canidae
属：	犬属 Canis
种：	狼 C. lupus
亚种：	紅狼 C. l. rufus
三名法
	Canis lupus rufus; Audubon & Bachman（英语：John Bachman）, 1851
異名
	Canis rufus; Audubon & Bachman, 1851; Canis rufus rufus; Audubon & Bachman, 1851;

紅狼（學名：Canis lupus rufus）是一種生存在北美洲的灰狼亚种，分佈于美國東南部，过去一度被当作是独立物种，近來有研究指出祖先是灰狼和郊狼的雜交種。

1970年代以來就因毛皮、和農人起衝突等原因面臨滅絕。此外和郊狼雜交也是重要原因。曾經一度被認為野外滅絕，後來在1989年將馴養的狼引入北卡羅來納州。

體長1.1～1.3米，平均體重25公斤。舍群結構比的上灰狼，會群集獵捕鹿類，單獨时則獵捕兔、嚙齒類等。

2008年美國網站《生活科學》評出紅狼為全球十大最瀕危的稀有動物物種之一。

历史

红狼曾经广泛分布于美国境内，包括德克萨斯州、伊利诺伊州、纽约州、俄克拉荷马州、宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州，甚至在加拿大境内也发现过红狼的存在。^[2]二十世纪初，北美红狼被大规模捕杀，而幸存的紅狼常找不到同類繁殖，與北美大草原的郊狼交配，令純種紅狼的數量下降。现在的红狼已濒临灭绝。

1987年至1994年间，63只红狼从保护基地被放回野外。^[3]2012年，红狼数量上升至100-120只左右。但由于美国鱼类及野生动物管理局疏于管理，这一数字在2018年下降到了40只^[4]；2019年下降至14只^[5]；2021年下降至8只^[6]。此外，還有150多頭紅狼在美國被圈養。

生物分类

红狼的生物学分类一直存在争议。目前的几种观点认为：红狼是独立进化的物种^[7]；是灰狼和郊狼的杂交种^[8]；是灰狼和土狼的古老杂交种并经过进化成为的独立物种^[9]；或是近期与郊狼杂交产生的新物种^[10]^[11]。

參考

^ Species Profile. [2022-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-06）.
^ Phillips, M. Canis rufus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3747A163509841 [errata version of 2018 assessment] [15 June 2022]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3747A163509841.en .
^ Gese, Eric M.; Knowlton, Fred F.; Adams, Jennifer R.; Beck, Karen; Fuller, Todd K.; Murray, Dennis L.; et al. Managing hybridization of a recovering endangered species: The red wolf Canis rufus as a case study (PDF). Current Zoology. 2015, 61 (1): 191–205 [2016-02-21]. doi:10.1093/czoolo/61.1.191 . （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.
^ Government: Wild red wolf population could soon be wiped out. www.msn.com. [2018-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-25）（美国英语）.
^ Report: 20,000 Square miles of Red Wolf habitat is open for urgently needed reintroductions. Center for Biological Diversity. [2019-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-06）（英语）.
^ Red Wolf | Wolf Conservation Center. 10 December 2018 [2022-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-19）.
^ Nowak, R.M. Chapter 9 - Wolf evolution and taxonomy. Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (编). Wolves: Behaviour, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press. 2003: 239–258. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.
^ Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (编). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. NLC 001238428. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1，第PA576頁，載於Google圖書
^ Paul A. Hohenlohe; Linda Y. Rutledge; Lisette P. Waits; Kimberly R. Andrews; Jennifer R. Adams; Joseph W. Hinton; Ronald M. Nowak; Brent R. Patterson; Adrian P. Wydeven; Paul A. Wilson; Brad N. White. Comment on "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2017, 3 (6): e1602250. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E2250H. PMC 5462499 . PMID 28630899. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602250.
^ Schmitt, E.; Wallace, S. Shape Change and Variation in the Cranial Morphology of Wild Canids (Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Canis rufus) Compared to Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Using Geometric Morphometrics. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2014, 24: 42–50. doi:10.1002/oa.1306.
^ Fredrickson, R.J.; Hedrick, P.W. Dynamics of Hybridization and Introgression in Red Wolves and Coyotes. Conservation Biology. 2006, 20 (4): 1272–1283. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20.1272F. PMID 16922243. S2CID 21151962. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00401.x.

Kelly et al. Canis rufus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. [5 May 2006] （英语）. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered

[1] Species Profile. [2022-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-06）.

[IUCN-2] Phillips, M. Canis rufus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3747A163509841 [errata version of 2018 assessment] [15 June 2022]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3747A163509841.en .

[Gese-3] Gese, Eric M.; Knowlton, Fred F.; Adams, Jennifer R.; Beck, Karen; Fuller, Todd K.; Murray, Dennis L.; et al. Managing hybridization of a recovering endangered species: The red wolf Canis rufus as a case study (PDF). Current Zoology. 2015, 61 (1): 191–205 [2016-02-21]. doi:10.1093/czoolo/61.1.191 . （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.

[4] Government: Wild red wolf population could soon be wiped out. www.msn.com. [2018-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-25）（美国英语）.

[5] Report: 20,000 Square miles of Red Wolf habitat is open for urgently needed reintroductions. Center for Biological Diversity. [2019-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-06）（英语）.

[6] Red Wolf | Wolf Conservation Center. 10 December 2018 [2022-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-19）.

[nowak2003-7] Nowak, R.M. Chapter 9 - Wolf evolution and taxonomy. Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (编). Wolves: Behaviour, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press. 2003: 239–258. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.

[wozencraft2005-8] Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (编). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494. NLC 001238428. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1，第PA576頁，載於Google圖書

[hohenlohe2017-9] Paul A. Hohenlohe; Linda Y. Rutledge; Lisette P. Waits; Kimberly R. Andrews; Jennifer R. Adams; Joseph W. Hinton; Ronald M. Nowak; Brent R. Patterson; Adrian P. Wydeven; Paul A. Wilson; Brad N. White. Comment on "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2017, 3 (6): e1602250. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E2250H. PMC 5462499 . PMID 28630899. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602250.

[schmitt2014-10] Schmitt, E.; Wallace, S. Shape Change and Variation in the Cranial Morphology of Wild Canids (Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Canis rufus) Compared to Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Using Geometric Morphometrics. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2014, 24: 42–50. doi:10.1002/oa.1306.

[fredrickson2006-11] Fredrickson, R.J.; Hedrick, P.W. Dynamics of Hybridization and Introgression in Red Wolves and Coyotes. Conservation Biology. 2006, 20 (4): 1272–1283. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20.1272F. PMID 16922243. S2CID 21151962. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00401.x.

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