拉律戰爭
| 馬來西亞历史 |
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| 历史系列条目 |
 马来西亚主题 |
拉律戰爭，或譯拿律战争[1]（英語：Larut Wars），是發生於馬來西亞拉律地區（也譯拿律[2]，馬來語：Larut，今霹靂州太平一帶）的一系列戰事爭端。第一場戰事始于1861年7月，並以《邦咯條約》的簽署告終。戰爭起因於當地華人祕密會社爭奪霹靂州拉律地區的礦區控制權的衝突，以及拉惹阿都拉（Raja Abdullah）和雅·伊布拉欣（Ngah Ibrahim）间的繼承戰爭。
第一次拉律戰爭 1861–62
[编辑]1861年7月，第一次拉律戰爭爆發。有關控制礦井水源的爭論升級，海山公司将義興公司赶出新吉辇 （Klian Baharu, 今甘文丁 ）。 [3][4][5][6] 海峽殖民地總督加文納干預，要求拉律土酋雅·伊布拉欣代表霹靂蘇丹賠償義興公司17,447美元。[7][8][9][10][11]
第二次拉律戰爭 1865
[编辑]1865年6月，因兩派結社成員間的賭博爭吵，爆發第二次拉律戰爭。海山公司成員俘虜了14名義興公司成員，其中13人被殺。第14人逃跑，通知會社。義興公司展開報復，袭击海山公司村莊，夷为平地，殺死了40名男子。戰鬥蔓延到威斯利省和檳城島，其他祕密結社陸續加入戰鬥。双方戰至筋疲力盡，最終達成協議。在官方調查後，海山和義興因破壞檳城和平，各被罰款5,000美元，流放領導人。[12][13][14][15]
1870年，拉律地區共有約4萬名客家和粤語礦工，兩組礦區相距較近。[16][17]
第三次拉律戰爭 1871-72
[编辑]1871年，爆发了第三次拉律戰爭。起因据传來自一件丑闻，涉及義興公司首領和海山首領鄭景貴侄子妻子的婚外情。婚外情曝光後，私通的兩人遭到严刑拷打，浸猪笼，最終被扔进废弃矿池淹死。为了替首领报仇，義興公司率領经槟城帶來的4,000名中國大陸雇佣兵袭击海山，首次將海山公司赶出拉律。约一万名海山公司成員在槟城寻求庇护。几个月后，由雅·伊布拉欣支持的海山公司奪會了馬當（Matang）和拉律矿山。此时，1871年，苏丹阿里去世后，拉惹阿都拉 ( Raja Abdullah ) 宣稱霹雳州王位，反对在阿都拉缺席时獲任命的苏丹伊斯邁（Raja Ismail）[18]，以及雅·伊布拉欣與海山公司。华裔矿工间的战争遂演變成霹雳州马来蘇丹的内战。[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
第四次拉律战争和邦咯条约 1873–74
[编辑]| 第四次拉律战争 Perang Larut Keempat | |||||||
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| 拉律战争的一部分 | |||||||
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| 参战方 | |||||||
海山公司 霹靂卡依布拉欣 | |||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
陳亞炎 拉惹阿都拉 克拉爵士 |
鄭景貴 卡依布拉欣 | ||||||
1873年，距离上次战爭仅一年，第四次拉律戰爭爆發 。海山公司奪回拉律幾周後，義興公司在拉惹阿都拉支持下，動用来自新加坡和中國的武器人員反擊。雅·伊布拉欣在馬當的財產被毁。當地馬來居民遭殺掠。混亂蔓延到吉輦、邦咯和天定。在拉律戰爭中，始終旁觀的马来酋长震驚於华裔礦工及祕密結社造成的混亂。海峽殖民地檳城華人看到投資在拉律戰爭中遭到破壞，尋求英國干預。超過4萬名来自海山與義興的華人參與霹靂王室的繼承戰爭。[27][28][29][30][31]
霹雳苏丹国陷入曠日持久的繼承鬥爭，無法維持秩序。事態失控，對马來人、華人和英國人不利。 [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]維多利亞時代的旅行家和冒險家伊莎貝拉·博德（Isabella Lucy Bird，1831-1904 年）在《通廣黃金克森尼索的道路》（The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither, 1892） 中陳述，拉惹阿都拉与友人陳金鐘，以及新加坡英國商人，起草了一封信給海峽殖民地總督克拉，尋求将霹靂置于英國保护下，說“需要一位能人來展示善治。”[39] [40][41][42] 1872年9月26日，在2千名森寧會人襲擊1萬2千名中山會人后，鄭景貴聯合44位華裔領袖請求英國干預。[43][44][45]
為恢复霹雳州法律和秩序，英国干预马来国家事务，協助邦咯条约的簽訂。 1874 年，海峡殖民地总督克拉爵士在邦咯岛召开会议，阿都拉獲得霹雳州苏丹王位，而不是竞争对手伊斯邁。 [46] [47] [48]
1874年1月20日，在邦咯岛的冥王号上，各方签署條約，以解决華人争端及苏丹继承權，并为英国居住區铺平道路──Tristram Speedy獲任管理拉律，及協助管理英国居民。 [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]
海山公司首領鄭景貴，與義興公司首領陳亞炎，分别受封为中国甲必丹。拉律更名为太平，作为休战状态的确认。三天后，鄭景貴受任为安撫委員會成员。其他成員包含瑞天咸和必麒麟。委员会目标是以友好方式解决拉律锡矿争吵。 [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]
委員會决定，将太平的矿山分配给海山，将甘文丁的矿山分配给義興。[60][61]
1880年代，在太平建立了马来半岛第一座供奉何仙姑的寺庙。學者廖小菁認為建廟是战后的“和解工程”[62]，“為謀建凝塑大廣東認同的整合機制，所攜手進行的一系列文化操作的結果”[62]。许多華裔矿工来自何仙姑崇拜中心增城区。 [62]
餘波
[编辑]1875 年，新任命的英國駐紮總長詹姆斯·韋勒·伍德福德·畢治在馬哈拉惹里拉命令下遭到暗殺。里拉是上霹靂州的王子和穆夫提，是馬來民族主义者，希望恢復英國禁止的奴隸制，或恢復霹靂州的独立，來保护自己的經濟利益。在隨後的霹靂戰爭中，英軍擊敗叛軍，進行報復，處決里拉。因認為兩人參與暗殺行動，拉惹阿都拉和雅·伊布拉欣遭流放至塞舌尔。
1877年，英國任命慕扎法沙霹靂摄政；1886年，慕扎法沙成為霹靂新蘇丹。
參考書目
[编辑]- 《拜別唐山：在馬來半島異域重生》，白偉權著，台北市：一八四一出版，2024年。ISBN 9786269737291
參見
[编辑]参考
[编辑]註腳
[编辑]- ^ 白伟权. 威震南邦：拿律战争与锡克人的扎根. 当今大马. 2019-06-28 [2024-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-03）.
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- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978 ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P80
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- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, PP267,270
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P270,275
- ^ History of Malaya, 1400-1959Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P158
- ^ A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, ISBN 0195807227, ISBN 9780195807226, P
- ^ The first 150 years of Singapore, Donald Moore, Joanna Moore, 1969, P361
- ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P11
- ^ A History of Malaysia By Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya, Palgrave Macmillan, 1984, ISBN 0312381212, ISBN 9780312381219, P150-151
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- ^ Pasir Salak: pusat gerakan menentang British di Perak, Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, Yayasan Perak, 1997, PP8,24
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- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P186
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- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P276
- ^ A gallery of Chinese kapitans. Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P102
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- ^ Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei By Simon Richmond, Lonely Planet, 2010, ISBN 1741048877, ISBN 9781741048872, P144
- ^ Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P299
- ^ Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P200
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- ^ The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study by Wilfred Blythe, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, PP121, 123, 180
- ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Irene Liao, “拉律戰爭與何仙姑信仰在英屬馬來亞的開展” (The Larut Wars and the Beginning of the He Xiangu Cult in British Malaya), Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica 100 (2018), 47–84 (47).
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Edited by Keat Gin Ooi, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 1576077705, ISBN 9781576077702, P775
- Ipoh: when tin was king By Ho Tak Ming, Perak Academy, 2009, ISBN 9834250029, ISBN 9789834250027, PP9&67
- Thai south and Malay north: ethnic interactions on the plural Peninsula, Michael John Montesano, Patrick Jory, NUS Press, 2008, ISBN 9971694115, ISBN 9789971694111, P208
- Fifteenth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission, Congressional edition, Volume 3826, United States Congress, US G.P.O., 1899, PP529, 530, 534
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9, 2003, ISBN 0852299613, ISBN 9780852299616, PP113,278
- Sir Frank Swettenham's Malayan journals, 1874-1876 by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, illustrated, reprint, Oxford University Press, 1975
- Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Volume 11 of London oriental series, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967
- In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history, David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg, University of Hawaii Press, 1987, ISBN 0824811100, ISBN 9780824811105
- In quest of unity: the centralisation theme in Malaysian Federal-State relations, 1957–75, Issue 39 of Occasional paper, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Robert O. Tilman, Institute of Southeast Asian, 1976
- Monthly summary of commerce and finance of the United States, United States. Dept. of the Treasury. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Dept. of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Statistics, United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, GPO, 1901, PP1249&1250
- The protected Malay States, 1874-1895, Emily Sadka, University of Malaya Press, 1968
- Papers on Malayan history, K. G. Tregonning, Journal South-East Asian History, 1962
- Papers on Malay subjects, Richard James Wilkinson, Oxford University Press, 1971
- A history of Perak, Issue 3 of M.B.R.A.S. reprints, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, MBRAS, 1974
- Pickering: protector of Chinese, Robert Nicholas Jackson, Oxford U. P., 1966
- The development of the tin mining industry of Malaya, Yat Hoong Yip, University of Malaya Press, 1969
- The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang, Volume 14 of Monographs of the Association for Asian Studies, Lin Ken Wong, University of Arizona Press, 1965
- The Malay States, 1877-1895: political change and social policy, Philip Fook Seng Loh, Oxford University Press, 1969