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憩室

维基百科,自由的百科全书
憩室
异名Diverticulum
假性憩室的示意图:A、黏膜层;B、黏膜下层;C、肌层;D、浆膜与浆膜下层
分类和外部资源
醫學專科解剖学组织学
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解剖学组织学中,英語diverticulum[1],源自拉丁语dīverticulum,意为“旁路”)指身体中空心器官和结构外壁向外凸出的额外腔室[2]。在医学中“憩室”一词通常形容异常存在的结构(如梅克尔氏憩室),但在生物学胚胎学中可以用来指从其它结构发展成长出的正常结构(比如从舌发育出的甲状腺憩室)[3]

分类

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憩室根据其室壁的组成结构,可分为真性憩室假性憩室两类:

  • 真性憩室(true diverticulum):指憩室的外壁拥有其原生器官所有的组织分层,特别是外肌层外膜层[2]
  • 假性憩室(false diverticulum):也称“伪憩室”(pseudodiverticulum),指憩室的外壁并没有包括其原生器官的所有组织分层(通常指包括了黏膜层黏膜下层[2]

胚胎学

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人体病理学

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消化道憩室

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食道憩室的三个种类:
1、咽部(赞克氏);2、中部;3、膈上
组织病理学切片展示的胆囊壁中的假性憩室
  • 食道憩室(oesophageal diverticula)可发生在三个区域:
  1. 咽部憩室(pharyngeal diverticulum):也称赞克氏憩室(Zenker's diverticulum),通常发生砸老年人群;
  2. 食道中段憩室(mid-oesophageal diverticulum);
  3. 膈上食道憩室(epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum):由贲门括约肌功能障碍(如贲门失弛缓症)造成[5]
  • 十二指肠憩室(duodenal diverticulum):通常由十二指肠壁局部(通常在第二、三部之间的肝胰壶腹附近)的弱点引发,在医学影像的正常人群中偶然发现的概率可高达23%,可能会因滞留食物残渣而导致炎症[6]
  • 空肠憩室(jejunal diverticulum):可以造成细菌滋生并引发穿孔脓肿
  • 基利安—贾米森氏憩室(Killian-Jamieson diverticulum):一种食管颈段侧壁憩室[7]
  • 莱默氏憩室(Laimer diverticulum):一种喉咽食道交界处的憩室;
  • 结肠憩室(colonic diverticulum):也称憩室病(diverticulosis),指结肠壁中因为黏膜层黏膜下层外肌层的空隙间外形成的憩室,如果感染导致憩室炎则可能造成穿孔[8]
  • 憩室(gastric diverticula):非常罕见[9]
  • 梅克尔氏憩室(Meckel's diverticulum):因胚胎发育时的卵黄管(vitelline duct)未能正常闭合导致的憩室[10],通常遵循“2的法则”——即发生在2%的人口中(为最常见的肠道天生畸形[11])、长度约2英寸(5.1厘米)、距离回盲瓣约2英尺(61厘米)、症状常在2岁前出现、男性出现并发症的风险约为女性的2倍、可能含有2种类型的异位组织(最常见是胃黏膜,其次是胰脏组织)[12]
  • 罗阿氏窦(Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus):指胆囊腺体和肌层过度增生导致黏膜层陷入肌层形成的胆囊壁憩室症,通常与慢性胆囊炎相关[13]

肠胃道的憩室能够导致肠结石的形成,甚至造成肠梗阻[14]

生殖泌尿道憩室

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  • 膀胱憩室(bladder diverticula):膀胱上长出的形同气球、通常成对的凸出部,通常与慢性尿潴留(如老年男性常有的良性前列腺增生症相关
  • 肾盏憩室(calyceal diverticula)[15]
  • 尿道憩室(urethral diverticula):在阴道前壁距阴道口1~3厘米处,通常发生在30~70岁的女性中[16]

其它

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  • 科默雷尔憩室(diverticulum of Kommerell):主动脉弓的一种解剖变异,源于右锁骨下动脉边额外出现了一根异常的迷走动脉(迷走右锁骨下动脉)[17]
  • 心脏憩室(cardiac diverticulum):一种非常罕见的心脏畸形[18]

图集

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参考

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  1. ^ diverticulum | Definition of diverticulum in English by Lexico Dictionaries. Lexico Dictionaries | English. [17 July 2019]. (原始内容存档于17 July 2019). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Townsend, Courtney M. Jr.; Daniel Beauchamp, R.; Mark Evers, B.; Mattox, Kenneth L. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice 20th. Philadelphia, PA. 2017. ISBN 9780323299879. OCLC 921338900. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sadler, Thomas W. Langman's Medical Embryology 12th. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. ISBN 9781451113426. OCLC 732776409. 
  4. ^ Standring, Susan. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice 41st. [Philadelphia]. 2016. ISBN 9780702052309. OCLC 920806541. 
  5. ^ Yam, Julie; Ahmad, Sarah A., Esophageal Diverticula, StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing), 2019 [17 July 2019], PMID 30422453, (原始内容存档于2025-02-06) 
  6. ^ Barat, M.; Dohan, A.; Dautry, R.; Barral, M.; Boudiaf, M.; Hoeffel, C.; Soyer, P. Mass-forming lesions of the duodenum: A pictorial review. Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. October 2017, 98 (10): 663–675. PMID 28185840. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2017.01.004可免费查阅 (英语). 
  7. ^ O'Rourke, Ashli K.; Weinberger, Paul M.; Postma, Gregory N. Killian-Jamieson diverticulum. Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. May 2012, 91 (5): 196. ISSN 1942-7522. PMID 22614553. doi:10.1177/014556131209100507可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Feuerstein, Joseph D.; Falchuk, Kenneth R. Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. August 2016, 91 (8): 1094–1104. ISSN 1942-5546. PMID 27156370. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.012可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ Shah, Jamil; Patel, Kalpesh; Sunkara, Tagore; Papafragkakis, Charilaos; Shahidullah, Abul. Gastric Diverticulum: A Comprehensive Review. Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases. April 2019, 3 (4): 161–166. ISSN 2296-9365. PMC 6501548可免费查阅. PMID 31111031. doi:10.1159/000495463. 
  10. ^ Elsayes, Khaled M.; Menias, Christine O.; Harvin, Howard J.; Francis, Isaac R. Imaging manifestations of Meckel's diverticulum. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. July 2007, 189 (1): 81–88. ISSN 1546-3141. PMID 17579156. S2CID 45677981. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1257. 
  11. ^ Sagar, Jayesh; Kumar, Vikas; Shah, D. K. Meckel's diverticulum: a systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. October 2006, 99 (10): 501–505. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1592061可免费查阅. PMID 17021300. doi:10.1177/014107680609901011. 
  12. ^ An J, Zabbo CP. Meckel Diverticulum. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023 Jan [2025-04-27]. 
  13. ^ Stunell, H; Buckley, O; Geoghegan, T; O’Brien, J; Ward, E; Torreggiani, W. Imaging of adenomyomatosis of the gall bladder. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 2008, 52 (2): 109–117. ISSN 1754-9477. PMID 18373800. S2CID 42685012. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1673.2008.01926.x. 
  14. ^ Chaudhery B, Newman PA. Small bowel obstruction and perforation secondary to primary enterolithiasis in a patient with jejunal diverticulosis. BMJ Case Reports. 2014, 2014: bcr2014203833. PMC 3962938可免费查阅. PMID 24626387. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-203833. 
  15. ^ Oxford American Handbook of Urology. Albala, David M. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 9780199707720. OCLC 655896560. 
  16. ^ Greiman, Alyssa K.; Rolef, Jennifer; Rovner, Eric S. Urethral diverticulum: A systematic review. Arab Journal of Urology. 2 January 2019, 17 (1): 49–57. ISSN 2090-598X. PMC 6583718可免费查阅. PMID 31258943. doi:10.1080/2090598X.2019.1589748 (英语). 
  17. ^ Raymond, Steven L.; Gray, Sarah E.; Peters, Keith R.; Fatima, Javairiah. Right-sided aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery and Kommerell diverticulum. Journal of Vascular Surgery Cases and Innovative Techniques. 25 June 2019, 5 (3): 259–260. ISSN 2468-4287. PMC 6600077可免费查阅. PMID 31304436. doi:10.1016/j.jvscit.2019.02.009. 
  18. ^ Vazquez-Jimenez, Dr. Jaime. Cardiac diverticulum (PDF). Orphanet Encyclopedia. 2003 [14 January 2008]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-05-15). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 UOTW #56 - Ultrasound of the Week. Ultrasound of the Week. 21 August 2015 [2025-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-18). 

外部链接

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