左旋咪唑
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臨床資料 | |
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商品名 | Decaris,Ergamisol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex详细消费者药物信息 |
MedlinePlus | a697011 |
核准狀況 | |
给药途径 | 口服給藥 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 | |
藥物動力學數據 | |
药物代谢 | 肝臟 |
生物半衰期 | 3–4小時 |
排泄途徑 | 腎臟 (70%) |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 14769-73-4 ![]() |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.035.290 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C11H12N2S |
摩尔质量 | 204.29 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
密度 | 1.31 g/cm3 |
熔点 | 60 °C(140 °F) |
水溶性 | hydrochloride: 210 mg/mL (20 °C) |
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左旋咪唑(INN:levamisole),市場上販售的商品名稱有Ergamisol等,是一種用於治療寄生蟲感染(特別是蛔蟲和鉤蟲感染)的藥物。[3]
使用後的副作用有腹痛、嘔吐、頭痛和頭暈。[4]由於個體於母乳哺育期間,或於懷孕的第三階段使用,對於嬰兒或是胎兒的安全有顧慮,因此不建議使用。[4]嚴重的副作用有感染風險增加。[5]此藥物屬於驅蟲藥類藥物。[5]
左旋咪唑於1966年由比利時楊森製藥發明。[6]已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[7]左旋咪唑也用作牛隻的驅蟲用途。[8][9]
醫療用途
[编辑]蠕蟲感染
[编辑]左旋咪唑最初作為驅蟲劑,用來治療人類和動物體內的蠕蟲感染。左旋咪唑是一種菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受體促效劑,會持續刺激寄生蠕蟲的肌肉,導致其麻痺。[10]左旋咪唑也受到水族愛好者青睞,被視為治療淡水熱帶魚卡馬蘭線蟲感染的有效藥物。[11]左旋咪唑自1960年代後期以來一直用於治療小型反芻動物的蠕蟲感染。[12]在紐西蘭、[13]烏拉圭、[14]巴拉圭[15]和巴西[[16]的綿羊養殖場中,常可見到對左旋咪唑產生抗藥性的寄生蠕蟲。
其他用途
[编辑]左旋咪唑曾被用於治療多種皮膚病,包括皮膚感染、麻瘋病、疣、扁平苔蘚和鵝口瘡。[17]
有項受到報導的副作用是"神經興奮"。隨後楊森製藥及其他研究機構發表論文,指出左旋咪唑及其對映異構 - 右旋咪唑(dexamisole)具有情緒提升或抗抑鬱的特性,但此作用從未被作為商業用途來販售。[18][19]
不良反應
[编辑]左旋咪唑較嚴重的副作用之一是顆粒性白血球缺乏症,即使用者體內的白血球會受到消耗。其中似乎是嗜中性球受到的影響最大。這種情況在研究人群中有0.08%到5%的發生率。[20]
左旋咪唑曾被用作古柯鹼的摻雜物,但會導致嚴重的副作用,表現為左旋咪唑誘發的壞死症候群,個體的皮膚幾乎在任何地方都可能出現疼痛性紅斑丘疹。[21][22][23]
代謝
[编辑]左旋咪唑能迅速在胃腸道中被吸收,並在肝臟中代謝。其達到最大血藥濃度的時間為1.5至2小時。血漿中的生物半衰期相當快,僅為3至4小時,而可能導致難以檢測到的左旋咪唑中毒。其代謝物的生物半衰期為16小時。左旋咪唑主要通過腎臟排出人體,在3天內有約70%會被排除。僅約5%以原型左旋咪唑排出。[24][25]
對賽馬的尿液進行藥物檢測會發現左旋咪唑的代謝物中,同時包含有匹莫林和阿米雷司,此兩者均為賽馬當局禁用的興奮劑。[26][27][28]進一步的檢測證實人類和犬類尿液中也存在阿米雷司,表示人類和犬類也能將左旋咪唑代謝為阿米雷司,[29]但目前尚不清楚血漿中的阿米雷司是否達到任何可檢測的水平。在口服左旋咪唑後172小時的血液樣中,並未發現血漿阿米雷司水平超出定量限制(LoQ)。此外,在呈古柯鹼陽性的血漿樣本中(其中42%含有左旋咪唑),也從未發現阿米雷司的濃度高於定量限制。[30]
體液檢測
[编辑]在臨床中毒情況下,或為協助涉及摻雜街頭毒品的法醫學調查,可對血液、血漿或尿液中的左旋咪唑進行定量分析,以作診斷。在人類口服劑量中,約有3%的藥物會以原型,在24小時經由尿液排出人體。一名因古柯鹼過量致死的女性,驗屍時,發現其血液中左旋咪唑濃度為2.2毫克/升。[31][32]
非法藥物中的摻雜物
[编辑]左旋咪唑在使用者體內會轉化為阿米雷司,這是一種具有苯丙胺類興奮劑作用且作用時間長的物質。[33]
左旋咪唑已在全球被越來越多用作非法販售古柯鹼的摻雜物,其中以美國的發生率最高。美國緝毒局(DEA)在2008年至2009年間查獲的古柯鹼樣本中,發現有69%含有左旋咪唑。[21]而DEA截至2011年4月的報告稱在82%的查獲物中發現這種摻雜物。[34]
左旋咪唑可增加粉狀古柯鹼的體積和重量(而其他摻雜物則會讓古柯鹼中產生較小的塊狀物),且讓藥物看起來更為純凈。[35]在名為《The Stranger》的另類報紙刊出的一系列調查報導中,記者Brendan Kiley詳細說明左旋咪唑作為摻雜物日益增長的其他原因:它可能具有興奮劑作用、外觀與古柯鹼相似,以及能夠通過街頭純度測試而不被察覺。[36]
左旋咪唑會抑制白血球生成,導致嗜中性白血球低下和顆粒性白血球缺乏症。隨著左旋咪唑作為摻雜物的用量增加,已有多起古柯鹼使用者中出現相關併發症的報告。[21][37][38]左旋咪唑也與發生血管炎的風險相關,[39]且在使用摻有左旋咪唑的古柯鹼使用者中,已有兩起血管炎性皮膚壞死的案例。[40]
截至2009年,受左旋咪唑污染的古柯鹼已在美國和加拿大造成三人死亡,並導致超過百人生病。[41]
化學
[编辑]楊森製藥最初的合成方式產生兩種對映異構的外消旋體混合物,據報導其鹽酸鹽的熔點為264–265°C,外消旋混合物的游離鹼熔點為87–89°C。這種外消旋混合物被稱為"四咪唑(tetramisole)" - 而左旋咪唑僅指其左旋對映異構。[42]
毒性
[编辑]左旋咪唑的半數致死量(LD50)(靜脈注射,小鼠)為22毫克/公斤。[43]
研究
[编辑]左旋咪唑已被研究作為一種刺激免疫系統的方法,作為癌症治療中的一部分。[44]它在治療兒童腎病症候群方面也顯示出一定的療效。[45]
由於左旋咪唑會產生嚴重的副作用(如顆粒性白血球缺乏症和嚴重的皮膚病變和血管炎 ),在1999年和2003年分別從美國和加拿大市場撤出。但被測試與5-氟尿嘧啶聯合用於治療大腸癌。臨床試驗的證據支持將其添加到5-氟尿嘧啶療法中。在一些白血病細胞株研究中,左旋咪唑和四咪唑均顯示出相似的效果。[46]
獸醫用途
[编辑]由多滅蟲和左旋咪唑組成的複方藥(多蟲滅/左旋咪唑),商品名稱為Valcor,適用於治療和控制牛隻的胃腸道線蟲、肺線蟲、皮蠅幼蟲、吸血蝨和螨毛囊蟲病。[8]給藥途徑為皮下注射。[8]
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