小道真相
小道真相(factoid)是指那些捏造或假設為事實的陳述,[1][2]或是屬實但簡短冷知識类的新聞資訊。
這個詞是由美國作家諾曼·梅勒於1973年創造的,意指一則即使並非真實但卻被視為事實的資訊,或是一則因為出現在報紙上而被認為是真實的虛構事實。[3]自1973年發明此詞以來,它已被用來形容簡短或瑣碎的新聞或資訊。
用法
[编辑]美國作家諾曼·梅勒於1973年在他的玛丽莲·梦露傳記中創造了這個新词。[4]梅勒將factoids描述為“在雜誌或報紙上出現之前根本不存在的真相”,[5]並將真相(fact)一詞與結尾-oid結合而成此詞,意指“類似但不相同”。华盛顿时报形容梅勒的新詞是指“看似事實、可能是事實,但實際上不是事實的東西”。[6]
因此,小道真相可能產生或源自常见误解和都市傳說。在梅勒創造這個名詞的數十年後,它開始有了多種意義,其中有些意義彼此迥異。[7]1993年,威廉·萨菲尔确定出幾種截然不同的含义:
19世纪80~90年代,CNN头条新闻電視頻道經常在新聞播報中以“factoid”為標題,將此類事實納入其中。BBC廣播二台節目主持人史提芬·懷萊德在他的節目中廣泛使用小道真相。[8]
factoid与factlet相比
[编辑]由於factoid的涵義令人混淆,有些英文風格和用法指南不鼓勵使用此詞。[9] 威廉·萨菲尔在他的On Language專欄中主張用factlet代替factoid來表達一個簡短有趣的事實以及 “一點點的奧秘”的意思,但沒有解釋採用這個新詞如何能緩解factoid現有的相互矛盾常用義的持續混亂。[10]
萨菲尔建議用factlet來指代一個少量琐碎但仍然真實準確的資訊。[7][10] 衛報一篇報導指出萨菲尔factlet這個詞的创作者,[4]儘管萨菲尔在1993年的專欄中指出factlet在當時已有使用。[7]大西洋雜誌同意萨菲尔的說法,並建議用factlet來表示“可能不重要但有趣的小事實”,因為factoid仍含有虛假事實的含義。[11]factlet一詞曾在琼斯母亲、[12]聖荷西信使報[13]和雷诺公报[14]等刊物中使用。
参见
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- ^ factoid: definition of factoid in Merriam-Webster Dictionary (US). Merriam-Webster. [November 14, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-02).
- ^ factoid: definition of factoid in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US). Oxford Dictionaries Online. [July 13, 2015]. (原始内容存档于June 14, 2013).
- ^ Dickson, Paul (April 30, 2014). "The origins of writerly words" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Time. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Marsh, David. A factoid is not a small fact. Fact: A factoid is subtly different from a trivial fact, whatever Steve Wright may claim. The Guardian. January 17, 2014 [June 16, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-10).
- ^ Mailer, Norman. Marilyn: A Biography. Grosset & Dunlap. 1973. ISBN 0-448-01029-1.
- ^ Pruden, Wesley. Ah, there's joy in Mudville's precincts. The Washington Times. January 23, 2007 [February 24, 2012]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-08).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Safire, William. On Language; Only the Factoids. The New York Times Magazine. December 5, 1993 [June 15, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-04).
- ^ Steve Wright. Steve Wright's Book of Factoids. HarperCollins Entertainment. 2005. ISBN 0-00-720660-7.
- ^ Brians, Paul. Common Errors in English Usage
. William James & Company. 2003. ISBN 1-887902-89-9. "factoid" The Website of Prof. Paul Brians (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Safire, William. On Language; Only the Factoids. The New York Times Magazine. December 5, 1993 [February 24, 2012]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-30).
- ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (March 29, 2012). "Down With Factoid! Up With Factlet!" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Atlantic. Accessed June 9, 2014. "Factoid is now almost exclusively used to mean a brief interesting fact ... ought instead to use another word for a small probably unimportant but interesting fact".
- ^ Drum, Kevin (April 19, 2010). "Factlet of the Day" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Mother Jones. Accessed June 9, 2014.
- ^ Burrell, Jackie (May 19, 2014). "Amazing Race All-Star Winners: And the winner is (spoiler!!)" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The San Jose Mercury News. Accessed June 9, 2014. "Brendan has promised his bride that if they win the million bucks, she can have a baby, a factlet that keeps coming up in the most manipulative and unsavory ways". (italics added)
- ^ Wright, Johnathan L. (May 26, 2014). "In One Ear: Cherchez the sparkle at jewelry fundraiser; Cakebread dinner" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Reno Gazette Journal. Accessed June 9, 2014. "The chardonnay made its entrance next on the arm of rabbit loin wrapped in serrano ham (little food factlet for you: serrano ham couldn't be imported to the United States until 1997, when the pigs used in the ham were certified as free from African swine disease)". (italics added)
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