奥氏马

奥氏马; 化石时期：晚更新世-全新世
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	奇蹄目 Perissodactyla
科：	马科 Equidae
属：	马属 Equus
种：	†奥氏马 E. ovodovi
二名法
	†Equus ovodovi; Eisenmann and Vasiliev, 2011

奥氏马（学名：Equus ovodovi）是一种已灭绝的马科动物，生活于晚更新世和全新世的北亚和东亚。

描述[编辑]

奥氏马比亚洲野驴稍大，^[1]可以根据其更大且更粗壮的四肢骨骼将其与亚洲野驴区分开来。^[2]

生态[编辑]

对中国全新世标本的同位素分析表明，奥氏马偏好取食C4植物。^[3]

进化与灭绝[编辑]

奥氏马被认为是戌森马亚属(Sussemionus)生存年代最晚的物种，该亚属于200万年前首次出现在北美，曾经遍布欧亚非大陆。^[1] ^[4]但后来的一些研究质疑它与戌森马亚属的关系。 ^[5]已知的奥氏马遗迹分布横跨西西伯利亚南部到中国北部，其中年代最晚的遗迹可追溯到约3500年前（约公元前1500年），位于中国北部。遗传证据表明，它与斑马和驴的亲缘关系比与马的亲缘关系更密切。基于线粒体DNA的初步遗传分析发现，奥氏马确切的分类地位尚不确定，但对完整核基因组的分析表明，斑马和驴之间的亲缘关系比两者与奥氏马的亲缘关系更密切，尽管存在从斑马和驴的最近共同祖先和斑马的最近共同祖先到奥氏马谱系的基因流动，以及从奥氏马谱系到驴的最近共同祖先的基因流动。^[6]

蔡大伟等人2022年的系统分类： ^[6]

野马 Equus ferus

†奥氏马 Equus ovodovi

	驴亚属（英语：Asinus） Asinus

	斑马亚属 Hippotigris

其遗传多样性在晚更新世和全新世逐渐下降到非常低的水平，直至灭绝。 ^[6]

参考[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Eisenmann, Véra; Sergej, Vasiliev. Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (Southwestern Siberia). Geodiversitas. September 2011, 33 (3): 519–530. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 128625427. doi:10.5252/g2011n3a5 （英语）.
^ Plasteeva, N. A.; Vasiliev, S. K.; Klementiev, A. M.; Kosintsev, P. A. Morphological Differentiation of Equids (Equus ovodovi, Equus hemionus) and Their Distribution Ranges in Western Siberia in the Late Pleistocene. Biology Bulletin. December 2021, 48 (S1): S197–S207. Bibcode:2021BioBu..48S.197P. ISSN 1062-3590. S2CID 254283695. doi:10.1134/S1062359021140132 （英语）.
^ Liang, Qiyao; Chen, Quanjia; Zhang, Naifan; Zhang, Wei; Ning, Chao; Cai, Dawei. Subsistence strategies in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age in Nenjiang River Basin: A zooarchaeological and stable isotope analysis of faunal remains at Honghe site, Northeast China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. March 2023, 33 (2): 271–284. ISSN 1047-482X. S2CID 257035576. doi:10.1002/oa.3212 （英语）.
^ Eisenmann, Véra. Sussemionus, a new subgenus of Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Comptes Rendus Biologies. March 2010, 333 (3): 235–240. PMID 20338542. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.013 （英语）.
^ Eisenmann, Vera. Old World Fossil Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), Extant Wild Relatives and Incertae Sedis Forms. Quaternary. 2022-09-11, 5 (3): 38. ISSN 2571-550X. doi:10.3390/quat5030038  （英语）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing. Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene. eLife. 2022-05-11, 11. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9142152 . PMID 35543411. doi:10.7554/eLife.73346  （英语）.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Eisenmann, Véra; Sergej, Vasiliev. Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (Southwestern Siberia). Geodiversitas. September 2011, 33 (3): 519–530. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 128625427. doi:10.5252/g2011n3a5 （英语）.

[2] Plasteeva, N. A.; Vasiliev, S. K.; Klementiev, A. M.; Kosintsev, P. A. Morphological Differentiation of Equids (Equus ovodovi, Equus hemionus) and Their Distribution Ranges in Western Siberia in the Late Pleistocene. Biology Bulletin. December 2021, 48 (S1): S197–S207. Bibcode:2021BioBu..48S.197P. ISSN 1062-3590. S2CID 254283695. doi:10.1134/S1062359021140132 （英语）.

[3] Liang, Qiyao; Chen, Quanjia; Zhang, Naifan; Zhang, Wei; Ning, Chao; Cai, Dawei. Subsistence strategies in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age in Nenjiang River Basin: A zooarchaeological and stable isotope analysis of faunal remains at Honghe site, Northeast China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. March 2023, 33 (2): 271–284. ISSN 1047-482X. S2CID 257035576. doi:10.1002/oa.3212 （英语）.

[4] Eisenmann, Véra. Sussemionus, a new subgenus of Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Comptes Rendus Biologies. March 2010, 333 (3): 235–240. PMID 20338542. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.013 （英语）.

[5] Eisenmann, Vera. Old World Fossil Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), Extant Wild Relatives and Incertae Sedis Forms. Quaternary. 2022-09-11, 5 (3): 38. ISSN 2571-550X. doi:10.3390/quat5030038  （英语）.

[:1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing. Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene. eLife. 2022-05-11, 11. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9142152 . PMID 35543411. doi:10.7554/eLife.73346  （英语）.

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