跳转到内容

八分儀

维基百科,自由的百科全书

八分儀(Octant)也稱為反射象限儀,是一種用於導航的儀器。

歷史

[编辑]
艾薩克·牛頓發明反射象限儀結構 Brewster (1855,第243頁). AB – 瞄準望遠鏡
CD – 分度臂
G – 接物鏡
H – 分度鏡
PQ – 弧度刻度

艾薩克·牛頓於1699年左右發明反射象限儀[1],該儀器的詳細資訊已提供給埃德蒙·哈雷,但直到1742年哈雷去世後才發表。哈雷生前為何沒有發表這些資訊尚不得而知,使牛頓無法獲得這項通常歸於約翰·哈德利湯馬斯·戈弗雷的榮譽。

該儀器的複製品由湯馬斯·希思(儀器製造商)製作,可能在1742年皇家學會出版之前就已在希思的商店櫥窗中展示[2]

牛頓的儀器使用了兩面鏡子,但排列方式與現代八分儀和六分儀中的兩面鏡子略有不同[3]

本儀器的45°弧度(PQ)刻度為90個半度刻度格。每個這樣的分區被細分為60個部分,每個部分進一步細分為六分之一。這樣,弧度就以度、分和六分之一分(10秒)為單位進行標記。因此,儀器可以將讀數內插到5角秒。這種精細的刻度是由於儀器體積龐大才得以實現的——僅瞄準望遠鏡就有三到四英尺長。

一台三到四英尺長的瞄準望遠鏡(AB)沿著儀器的一側安裝。一個地平鏡以45°角固定在望遠鏡接物鏡(G)前方。這面鏡子可以讓觀察者在一面鏡子中看到影像,在另一面鏡子中直接看到前方。分度臂(CD)上固定著一個分度鏡(H),也與分度臂的邊緣成45°角。兩面鏡子的反射面名義上彼此相對,因此在第一面鏡子中看到的圖像是從第二面鏡子反射的圖像。

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Newton, Isaac. A true Copy of a Paper found, in the Hand Writing of Sir Isaac Newton, among the Papers of the late Dr. Halley, containing a Description of an Instrument for observing the Moon's distance from the Fixt Stars at Sea需要付费订阅. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. October–November 1742, 42 (465): 155–156 and plate. Bibcode:1742RSPT...42..155N. doi:10.1098/rstl.1742.0039. By this instrument the distance of the moon from any fixed star is thus observed; view the star through the perspicil by the direct light, and the moon by the reflexed, (or on the contrary;) and turn the index till the star touch the limb of the moon, and the index shall show on the brass limb of the instrument the distance of the star from the moon's limb; and though the instrument shake by the motion of the ship at sea, yet the moon and star will move together as if they did really touch one another in the heavens; so that an observation may be made as exactly at sea as at land. And by the same instrument, may be observed exactly the altitudes of the moon and stars, by bringing them to the horizon; and thereby the latitude and times of observation may be determined more exactly than by the ways now in use.  Vol. 42 at archive.org
  2. ^ Taylor, E. G. R. The Haven-finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook. London: Hollis & Carter. 1971. ISBN 0-370-01347-6. 
  3. ^ Brewster, David. Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton 1. Edinburgh: Thomas Constable & Co. 1855: 239–242.  excerpt