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波拿巴爪龙

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自波拿巴爪龍屬

波拿巴爪龙属
化石时期:晚白垩世, 71 Ma
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 兽脚亚目 Theropoda
科: 阿尔瓦雷斯龙科 Alvarezsauridae
亚科: 巴塔哥尼亚爪龙亚科 Patagonykinae
属: 波拿巴爪龙属 Bonapartenykus
Agnolin et al., 2012
模式种
最晚波拿巴爪龙
Bonapartenykus ultimus

Agnolin et al., 2012

波拿巴爪龙属名Bonapartenykus,意为“何塞·波拿巴的爪”)是阿尔瓦雷斯龙科兽脚类恐龙单型属,化石发现于阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚内格罗河省艾伦组英语Allen Formation上部层位,地质年代为晚白垩世坎潘期-马斯特里赫特期模式种兼唯一种最晚波拿巴爪龙Bonapartenykus ultimus)于2012年由费德里科·阿格诺林(Federico L. Agnolin)、海梅·鲍威尔英语Jaime Powell费尔南多·诺瓦斯、马丁·昆德拉特(Martin Kundrát)所命名、发表,已知标本是一具关节几乎相连但部分保存的骨骼,同时还发现了密切相关的两颗不完整的蛋和数簇蛋壳碎片归属于蛋化石阿里亚加达蛋属英语Arriagadoolithus[1]估计波拿巴爪龙身长2.5米及体重72千克,使之成为阿尔瓦雷斯科体型最大的物种。[2]


发现

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艾伦层的景观

在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚西北部艾伦层英语Allen Formation上部河相砂岩约30平方米的面积采集到一具带卵的兽脚类部分骨骼。[3]当地还产出鸭嘴龙科甲龙类、数种泰坦巨龙类、数种阿贝力龙科、未定坚尾龙类、一种不完整的大型亚佛瑞兹龙科、一种大型半鸟科[1]萨尔加多等人于2009年以某种未定亚佛瑞兹龙科之名首度提及该标本。[3]后来2012年安诺林、波维尔、诺瓦斯、昆札特重新将标本进行描述并命名。正模标本MPCA, 1290由中部背椎、成对肩胛鸟喙骨英语Scapulocoracoid、左胫骨股骨、与肠骨的耻脚连接的耻骨、左肠骨前段;还有两颗部分保存的蛋,与正模相距不到20厘米;另外两件属于同一个体的标本MGPIFD-GR 166和MGPIFD-GR 184:左肩胛骨、左鸟喙骨、右耻骨远端、四个颈椎、单一个尾椎;以上标本皆归入波拿巴爪龙。[1]

波拿巴爪龙的蛋因足够独特而被指定为新的副分类名英语Parataxonomy阿里亚加杜蛋属英语Arriagadoolithus,并建立自己的科阿里亚加杜蛋科英语Arriagadoolithidae,以发现地的土地拥有者命名。[1]

属名致敬阿根廷古生物学家何塞·波拿巴,加上拉丁语nykus(爪子)象征亚佛瑞兹龙科常用的字尾。种名ultimus在拉丁语意为“最新的”,代表是南美洲地质年代最年轻的亚佛瑞兹龙科物种之一。[1]

描述

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体型与鉴定特征

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2012年的论文估计波拿巴爪龙身长2.5米。[1]2016年莫里纳裴瑞兹和拉腊曼迪的书估计身长2.9米及体重34千克,成为亚佛瑞兹龙科中体型最大的物种。[2]

2012年的论文列出波拿巴爪龙的鉴定特征:中部背椎后关节突之上有突然终止的棘后关节突椎板存在;鸟喙骨下侧朝中央大幅倾斜并有大量细密的凹陷,如同西峡爪龙;像角爪龙一样的肩胛鸟喙骨融合;肩胛骨后缘有道相当宽阔的凹槽;肠骨和耻骨融合。[1]

分类

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安诺林等人(2012)把波拿巴爪龙置于亚佛瑞兹龙科的单系群演化支巴塔哥爪龙亚科,与巴塔哥爪龙互成姊妹群,如下所示:[1]

亚佛瑞兹龙科 Alvarezsauridae
巴塔哥爪龙亚科 Patagonykinae

巴塔哥爪龙 Patagonykus

波拿巴爪龙 Bonapartenykus

unnamed

亚佛瑞兹龙 Alvarezsaurus

小奔龙亚科 Parvicursorinae
角爪龙族 Ceratonykini

角爪龙 Ceratonykus

西峡爪龙 Xixianykus

游光爪龙 Albinykus

小奔龙 Parvicursor

单爪龙族 Mononykini

亚伯达爪龙 Albertonykus

单爪龙 Mononykus

临河爪龙 Linhenykus

鸟面龙Shuvuuia

马科维奇、阿佩斯特古雅、贾内齐尼(2012)则将波拿巴爪龙与纤腿龙、巴塔哥爪龙列于并系群,其中还包括更进阶物种如临河爪龙单爪龙游光爪龙[4]徐星等人(2018)将巴塔哥爪龙列于亚佛瑞兹龙类的基础物种,与巴塔哥爪龙、阿基里斯龙互成姊妹群,弗勒等人(2020)亦得出相同结果,如下所示:[5][6]

亚佛瑞兹龙类 Alvarezsauroidea

敖闰龙 Aorun

简手龙 Haplocheirus

吐谷鲁龙 Tugulusaurus

西域爪龙 Xiyunykus

半爪龙 Bannykus

波拿巴爪龙 Bonapartenykus

巴塔哥爪龙 Patagonykus

阿基里斯龙 Achillesaurus

亚佛瑞兹龙科 Alvarezsauridae

亚佛瑞兹龙 Alvarezsaurus

亚伯达爪龙 Albertonykus

小奔龙亚科 Parvicursorinae

鸟面龙 Shuvuuia

角爪龙 Ceratonykus

足龙 Kol

临河爪龙 Linhenykus

单爪龙 Mononykus

钩手龙 Trierarchuncus

小奔龙 Parvicursor

游光爪龙 Albinykus

西峡爪龙 Xixianykus

而秦等人(2019)发现波拿巴爪龙同时作为巴塔哥爪龙与亚佛瑞兹龙科的姊妹群。[7]阿维叶诺夫和洛帕汀(2022a)、阿维叶诺夫和洛帕汀(2022b)则把波拿巴爪龙置于亚佛瑞兹龙科之外、仅与巴塔哥爪龙互为姊妹群。[8][9]

古生态学

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艾伦层恐龙群

发现波拿巴爪龙的艾伦层由一系列环境组成,包含暂时性湖泊、风成河积、河口潮间带的沿海地带。2015年阿玛斯和桑切斯探讨了艾伦层海岸与风成环境的交互作用,发现属于混合潮间带系统,部分地区呈现出受风暴大幅度影响。[10]

艾伦层的动物相由蜥脚类的波拿巨龙[11]深潭龙[12]泛美龙[13]洛卡龙[14]风神龙未定种[15];鸭嘴龙科的波拿巴龙[16]赤原龙[17]拉潘帕龙[18]南似鸭龙[19];某种未定结节龙科[20];阿贝力龙科迷雾龙[21]基尔梅龙[22];大型半鸟科南方盗龙[23]鸟翼类拉马奎鸟英语Lamarqueavis[24]阈鸟英语Limenavis[25]神龙翼龙科风巨神翼龙英语Aerotitan[26]喙头目拉马奎蜥英语Lamarquesaurus[27]蛇颈龙类卡瓦游龙英语Kawanectes[28]

参考来源

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Federico L. Agnolin; Jaime E. Powell; Fernando E. Novas & Martin Kundrát. New alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from uppermost Cretaceous of north-western Patagonia with associated eggs. Cretaceous Research. June 2012, 35: 33–56. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.014. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Molina-Pérez & Larramendi. Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Spain: Larousse. 2016: 269. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Salgado, Leonardo; A. Coria, Rodolfo; B. Arcucci, Andrea; M. Chiappe, Luis. Farke , 编. Restos de Alvarezsauridae (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) en la Formación Alien (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en Salitral Ojo de Agua, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Andean Geology. 2009, 36 (1): 67–80. doi:10.4067/S0718-71062009000100006. 
  4. ^ Makovicky, P. J.; Apesteguía, S. N.; Gianechini, F. A. A New Coelurosaurian Theropod from the La Buitrera Fossil Locality of Río Negro, Argentina. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 2012, 5: 90–98. S2CID 129758444. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.90. 
  5. ^ Xu, Xing; Choiniere, Jonah; Tan, Qingwei; Benson, Roger B.J; Clark, James; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhao, Qi; Han, Fenglu; Ma, Qingyu; He, Yiming; Wang, Shuo; Xing, Hai; Tan, Lin. Two Early Cretaceous Fossils Document Transitional Stages in Alvarezsaurian Dinosaur Evolution. Current Biology. 2018, 28: 2853–2860.e3. PMID 30146153. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.057可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Denver W. Fowler; John P. Wilson; Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler; Christopher R. Noto; Daniel Anduza; John R. Horner. Trierarchuncus prairiensis gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana. Cretaceous Research. 2020, 116: Article 104560. S2CID 225630913. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560. 
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  8. ^ Alexander O. Averianov; Alexey V. Lopatin. A new alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Cretaceous Research. 19 February 2022, 134 [19 February 2022]. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105168. (原始内容存档于2022-02-19). 
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  13. ^ Calvo, J.O. & Porfiri, J.D. Panamericansaurus schroederi gen. nov. sp. nov. Un nuevo Sauropoda (Titanosauridae-Aeolosaurini) de la Provincia del Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina. Brazilian Geographical Journal: Geosciences and Humanities research medium. 2010, 1: 100–115 [2022-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-13). 
  14. ^ Salgado, L. and C. Azpilicueta. (2000). Un nuevo saltasaurino (Sauropoda, Titanosauridae) de la provincia de Río Negro (Formacíon Allen, Cretácico Superior), Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 37 (3):259-264.
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  27. ^ Apesteguía, Sebastián; Rougier, Guillermo W. A Late Campanian Sphenodontid Maxilla from Northern Patagonia (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 6 September 2007, 3581: 1 [2022-04-24]. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3581[1:ALCSMF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5874. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-08-13). 
  28. ^ O'Gorman, J.P. A Small Body Sized Non-Aristonectine Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with Comments on the Relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic Elasmosaurids. Ameghiniana. 2016, 53 (3): 245–268 [2022-04-24]. S2CID 133139689. doi:10.5710/AMGH.29.11.2015.2928. (原始内容存档于2022-05-20).