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File:Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg

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摘要

描述
English: Michael Jackson in a press photo dated to 1983.
日期
来源 Worthpoint
Immediate from iHeart
作者 Matthew Rolston; Distributed by Epic Records
授权
(二次使用本文件)

No photographer credited but was probably taken by Matthew Rolston, as photos that appear to be from the same session are credited to him. No copyright markings on the photo and no registration could be found when searching the US Copyright Records

English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject.
  • As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.):
    "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
  • Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes:
    "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
  • Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes:
    "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
  • Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that:
    "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
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许可协议

Public domain
本作品屬於公有領域,是因為該作品於1978年至1989年3月1日間於美國發表且不帶著作權聲明,其著作權在5年內沒有持續在美國著作權局登記

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Michael Jackson in 1983.

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