异涡虫属

异涡虫属![]() | |
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2017年新發現的日本異渦蟲(Xenoturbella-japonica)[6] | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 異無腔動物門 Xenacoelomorpha |
亚门: | 异涡虫亚门 Xenoturbellida Bourlat et al., 2006[4][5] |
科: | 异涡虫科 Xenoturbellidae Westblad, 1949[1] |
属: | 异涡虫属 Xenoturbella Westblad, 1949[1][2] |
模式種 | |
博克異渦蟲 Xenoturbella bocki | |
其他种 | |
异涡虫属(拉丁名:Xenoturbella)是一类生活在海底的小型无脊椎动物,身體構造極為簡單,现被單獨歸至異無腔動物門下的異渦蟲亞門(Xenoturbellida),已得到公認的物种僅有六個[7],分布於東北大西洋的欧洲近岸海域以及北太平洋的墨西哥、美国和日本近岸海域。
1915年,瑞典动物学家西克斯滕·博克(瑞典文:Sixten Bock)在瑞典西海岸採集到已知的第一種異渦蟲的標本,但直到1949年才被瑞典动物学家埃纳尔·韦斯特布拉德(Einar Westblad)正式描述,韦斯特布拉德為紀念西克斯滕·博克,將該物種命名為博克異渦蟲(Xenoturbella bocki)[1]。
分类简史
[编辑]異渦蟲類自被發現以來,牠們在動物界中的系统发生位置便一直被認為是個未解之謎。
早期的 DNA 分析表明異渦蟲与软体动物關系密切[8],但这可能是由於牠們以软体动物的卵為主食,從而导致大量软体动物的 DNA 混入其體內[9]。
2006年的相關研究將異渦蟲屬單獨置於一門,即異渦動物門(Xenoturbellida),作為後口動物的演化支暨步带动物的姐妹群[4],後續研究證實了該門是後口動物中的基底類群[10][11]或是步帶動物姐妹群[12]的觀點。然而,一些形態學特徵(例如上皮細胞的纖毛結構)顯示,異渦蟲和另一類存在疑問的動物——無腔動物有着緊密的關聯[13]。對異渦蟲胚胎阶段的研究也顯示牠們為直接發育,無幼虫阶段,與無腔動物的發育模式近似[14]。基於數百種蛋白质的分子研究最終揭示了一個由異渦蟲和無腔動物组成的单系群[15][12][16],被命名為異無腔動物門(Xenacoelomorpha)[12],原本的异涡动物门隨之降級為亚门。
異無腔動物的单系起源很快便被確認,但其系統發生位置是處於两侧对称动物基部還是後口動物基部一直未有答案,直到2016年,隨着基因和分类单元採樣的增加,兩項新的研究再次将異渦蟲作為異無腔動物門下無腔動物的姐妹群,并將異無腔動物門作為腎管動物(包括原口动物和後口動物)的姐妹群,亦即两侧对称动物中最為基礎的類群[17][18]。
異渦蟲屬在動物界中的系統發生位置[17] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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下級分類
[编辑]- 博克異渦蟲 Xenoturbella bocki (Westblad, 1949)
=韦斯特布拉德异涡虫 X. westbladi (Israelsson, 1999):博克異渦蟲的異名[19] - X. churro Rouse, Wilson, Carvajal & Vrijenhoek, 2016[17][20]
- X. hollandorum Rouse, Wilson, Carvajal & Vrijenhoek, 2016
- X. monstrosa Rouse, Wilson, Carvajal & Vrijenhoek, 2016
- X. profunda Rouse, Wilson, Carvajal & Vrijenhoek, 2016
- 日本異渦蟲 X. japonica Nakano et al., 2017[6][21]
其中博克異渦蟲(韦斯特布拉德异涡虫)發現於瑞典、苏格兰、冰岛和挪威的北海沿岸,以及克罗地亚的亚得里亚海沿岸[22];日本異渦蟲發現於日本的西北太平洋沿岸[6];其餘四種異渦蟲發現於墨西哥的加利福尼亚湾和美国的蒙特雷湾[17]。
六種異渦蟲分為兩個演化支,分別棲息於淺海和深海:博克異渦蟲與 X. hollandorum 體型較小,身長約4厘米,生存於水深650米以內的海域,二者與身长略超过5厘米、已知棲息深度不到560米的日本異渦蟲共同組成一個演化支;其他三個種 X. churro、X. monstrosa 與 X. profunda 體型較大,身長達到或超過10厘米,生存於1700–3700米以下的深水中[17],三者組成另一個演化支。
異渦蟲屬的分支图,基於線粒體 DNA 和蛋白質序列構建[17][6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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形态特征
[编辑]異渦蟲的身體呈兩側對稱,內部結構極為簡單,除平衡囊以外幾乎沒有真正的器官[22][23],也缺乏呼吸系統、循环系统、排泄系统和性腺,但可產生配子;嘴是腹中孔,通往胃腔,無肛门[22][23],排泄口與攝入食物的開口為同一個[24]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Westblad, E. Xenoturbella bocki n. g., n. sp., a peculiar, primitive Turbellarian type. Arkiv för Zoologi. 1949, 1: 3–29.
- ^ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (COVER). Zootaxa. 2011-12-23, 3148 (1): 1-237 [2025-03-28]. ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.1. (原始内容存档于2025-02-14) (英语).
- ^ Xenoturbella bocki Westblad, 1949. WoRMS. 2021 [2021-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2011-02-16).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Bourlat, Sarah J.; Juliusdottir, Thorhildur; Lowe, Christopher J.; Freeman, Robert; Aronowicz, Jochanan; Kirschner, Mark; Lander, Eric S.; Thorndyke, Michael; Nakano, Hiroaki; Kohn, Andrea B.; Heyland, Andreas. Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature. 2006-11, 444 (7115): 85-88 [2025-03-28]. Bibcode:2006Natur.444...85B. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051155. S2CID 4366885. doi:10.1038/nature05241. (原始内容存档于2025-02-12) (英语).
- ^ Tyler, S.; Artois, T.; Schilling, S.; Hooge, M. & Bush, L.F. (编). Xenoturbellida. World List of turbellarian worms: Acoelomorpha, Catenulida, Rhabditophora. 2006–2021 [2021-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-10) –通过WoRMS.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Nakano, Hiroaki; Miyazawa, Hideyuki; Maeno, Akiteru; Shiroishi, Toshihiko; Kakui, Keiichi; Koyanagi, Ryo; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Omori, Akihito; Kohtsuka, Hisanori. A new species of Xenoturbella from the western Pacific Ocean and the evolution of Xenoturbella. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017-12-18, 17 (1): 245 [2025-03-28]. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5733810
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- ^ Norén, Michael; Jondelius, Ulf. Xenoturbella 's molluscan relatives⃛. Nature. 1997-11, 390 (6655): 31-32 [2025-03-28]. Bibcode:1997Natur.390...31N. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4426393. doi:10.1038/36242. (原始内容存档于2024-11-13) (英语).
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- ^ Lundin, Kennet. The epidermal ciliary rootlets of Xenoturbella bocki (Xenoturbellida) revisited: new support for a possible kinship with the Acoelomorpha (Platyhelminthes). Zoologica Scripta. 1998-07, 27 (3): 263-270 [2025-03-28]. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85324766. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1998.tb00440.x. (原始内容存档于2025-02-26) (英语).
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延伸閱讀
[编辑]- Haszprunar, G; Rieger, R. M. & Schuchert, P. "Extant 'Problematica' within or near the Metazoa". Simonetta, A. M. & Conway, Morris S. (编). The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa. Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press. 1991: 99–105.
- Kjeldsen, Kasper Urup; Obst, Matthias; Nakano, Hiroaki; Funch, Peter; Schramm, Andreas. Two Types of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in the Enigmatic Marine Worm Xenoturbella bocki. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2010-04-15, 76 (8): 2657-2662 [2025-03-28]. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2849209
. PMID 20139320. doi:10.1128/AEM.01092-09. (原始内容存档于2023-03-15) (英语).